SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION
A. This is the generic class in the art of treating metal
to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties of metal. Most process subject matter under
this class relates to treating solid or semisolid metal with heat,
without melting a substantial portion thereof, and also includes
the combination of significant heating and working not provided for
in other metal working classes. However, casting or casting and
working of molten metal, if combined with significant heat treatment
to change the microstructure of the solid metal resulting therefrom
is acceptable in this class. Cooling of metal to produce microstructure change
is proper for this class.
B. This class includes processes of treating metal to intentionally
develop, improve, modify, or preserve the magnetic properties of
a free metal or alloy, occurring alone or mixed with one or more
components.
C. This class includes processes of reactive coating of metal
wherein an externally supplied carburizing or nitriding agent is
combined with the metal substrate to produce a carburized or nitridized
or carbonitrided coating thereon or a uniformly carburized, nitrided,
or carbonitrided metal alloy containing a metal element from said
substrate.
D. This class includes processes of reactive coating of metal
wherein an externally supplied agent combines with the metal substrate
to produce a coating thereon which contains at least one element
from said metal substrate (e.g., oxidizing, boronizing, etc.).
E. This class includes processes of chemical-heat removing
(e.g., flame cutting, etc.) or burning (i.e., oxidizing) to remove
a portion of a metal workpiece.
F. This class includes: (1) elemental metal, alloy or metallic
composition which is a product of a process under section A, above;
(2) elemental metal, alloy, or metallic composition or multi-layered
products under section B or C above; (3) elemental metal, alloy,
or metallic composition which is the product of a significant Class
164 metal founding step; (4) elemental metal, alloy, or metallic
composition which is the product of the dispersion of particulate
matter in molten metal which particulate matter retains its identification
in the final state; and (5) elemental metal, alloy, or metallic composition
which contains an amorphous or shape memory property.
G. This class includes compositions employed in the treatment
of solid metal and processes for preparing the same when not otherwise
classifiable.
H. This class includes electrically conductive semiconductor
stock which is essentially homogeneous and has at least two contiguous
layers differing in the number of unbound electrons and/or
differing in energy gap levels which exhibit a junction between
layers (e.g., P-N type, etc.).
For amplification of A-H, see Subclass References to the Current
Class, below.
RULES OF PATENT PLACEMENT
Patents have been placed in this class employing the so-called "genus-species" rule.
Following this rule as between a generic subclass and its indents,
a species unprovided in any indented subclass is specifically classified
in the generic subclass. Thus, a patent containing claims to both
a provided species and an unprovided species is placed as original
in the generic subclass as the first (i.e., highest) appearing subclass
and cross-referenced to the indented subclass having the provided species.
A patent containing claims only for species having provided subclasses
is placed as original in the first (i.e., highest) appearing provided
subclass and cross-referenced to the other (i.e., lower) appearing
subclasses.
Following the "genus-species" rule, all
mandatory original and cross-references only appear in the highest
subclasses providing therefor. The claims identify the mandatory
original and cross-references. However, if the claims are all generic,
the specification is used to determine mandatory placement of the
disclosed species, only if related to features in the claim language.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
A. METAL CASTING, METAL FUSION BONDING, MACHINING, OR WORKING
CLASSES
For purposes of distinguishing over the metal casting, metal
fusion bonding, machining, or working classes, significant heat
treatment must be present to be proper for Class 148. Significant
heat treatment occurs when temperature or heating or cooling rate
is provided in a nonworking, noncasting, nonfusion-bonding, or nonmachining
related step or when microstructure description is utilized in the
claim to describe the result of the heating or cooling treatment
of solid or semisolid metal. Working at a specified temperature
without mention of microstructure is not significant heat treatment
for Class 148. The mere use of the term "ageing" or "tempering" will
be considered significant heat treatment. Except for "workhardening",
the use of the term "hardening" will be considered
significant heat treatment. "Quenching" will
be considered significant heat treatment lacking an indication that
it means simply returning to a convenient working temperature. "Stress-relief-annealing" will remain
in the metal working classes. Working metal in the "superplastic" state
or during "dynamic-recrystallization" remains
in the working classes unless a temperature is provided. "Ion
implantation" of a metal substrate will be a sufficient
indication of microstructural change to place classification in
Class 148. High frequency vibration of solid metal for purposes
of changing the microstructure thereof is sufficient to take a combination
thereof with the above operations to Class 148 as an original. When
combined with working, "annealing", per se, will
remain in the metal working classes. However, annealing at a specified
temperature goes in Class 148. Merely, heating or cooling a metal
to a working temperature is not significant heat treatment. In
summary, the presence in any step of a significant heat treatment
as hereinabove described is sufficient to place the classification
in Class 148.
B. CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURING METALS OR ALLOYS, METALLIC
COMPOSITIONS AND METALLIC STOCK CLASSES IN ORDER OF SUPERIORITY.
Historically, placement of originals among the classes for
chemical processes of manufacturing metals or alloys, metallic compositions
classes and metallic stock classes did not depend upon the most
comprehensive claims and did not follow superiority of statutory
categories of invention (i.e., process of using, product or manufacture,
process of making, apparatus for performing a process and material).
Within these metallurgical processes, metallic composition and
metallic stock classes, placement depends upon complex lines established
through experience. To simplify placement, the following hierarchy
containing the essence of historical placement for these classes
was previously established to settle conflicts between the classes
listed thereunder with the first listed or higher class controlling
placement, if claims are present therefor and regardless of statutory
category. If a class other than those listed hereinunder is involved,
consideration of the other class is based upon relevant lines, comprehensiveness,
and superiority of statutory categories of invention only with respect
to the other class. Having determined the
controlling class, placement of the original goes by the hierarchy
within the class and not according to the following list.
The superiority among the various metal, alloy, and metal
stock areas, and chemical methods of manufacturing them, is provided
in order under the search class notes as follows:
Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes, appropriate subclasses
for processes of treating metal powder utilizing a sintering or
compacting operation and including post-treatment operations if
combined with the sintering or compacting operation. If the starting
material is preconsolidated, and there is no actual sintering or
consolidating step present, placement goes as original to Class 148,
subclass 514 provided hierarchically hereinbelow.
Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22-30 for compositions
for treatment of solid metal.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+ for
gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal
or charges, and subclass 302 welding rod defined by composition.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228-250, consolidated metal
powder compositions and subclasses 252-255, loose metal particulate mixtures.
Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, claimed as products.
Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287, and
500-714 providing for processes of modifying or maintaining the
internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties
of metal, processes of reactive coating of metal and processes of chemical-heat
removing (e.g., flame-cutting) or burning of metal. However, if
metal casting, fusion bonding, machining or working is involved,
there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described
in "A. Metal Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding, etc." above.
Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33-33.6, barrier layer
stock material and subclasses 300-337 and400-442,
stock.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 331+, processes
of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal, and
subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys
in powder form.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1-10.66 and 10.67+,
processes of making alloys by electrothermic, electromagnetic, or
electrostatic processes.
Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, for processes
of manufacture.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes
of making metal and processes of treating liquid metals and liquid
alloys and consolidating metalliferous material.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, particularly for processes
of electrocoating of metal. At this time, Class 205 is a subdivision
of Class 204 and therefore all notes concerning Class 204 should
be consulted when determining the relationship to Class 148.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes. Combinations
of reactive coating of metal and electrocoating of metal go to Class
204 as original. See C, Chemical Coating, Cleaning, Etching And
Manufacturing Classes, below for the line between Class 148 and Class
204. If metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is
included see "A. Metal Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding, etc." above
to determine if this is proper for Class 148.
164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1-138, processes. See the
line between Class 164 and Class 148 under A, Metal Casting, Metal
Fusion Bonding, Machining, Or Working Classes, above.
266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44-47, processes
of operating metallurgical apparatus.
C. CHEMICAL COATING, CLEANING, ETCHING AND MANUFACTURING CLASSES.
If there is a combination of chemical coating, cleaning, etching
or chemical treating of metal and metal casting, fusion bonding,
machining, or working with significant heat treatment in any step
of metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e.,
microstructure) or chemical property of metal, the combination goes
in Class 148 as an original. To determine what constitutes significant
heat treatment refer to "A. Metal Casting, Metal Fusion
Bonding, etc." above. In the absence of casting, welding,
machining, or working, the combination of treating metal with chemicals
or chemical compositions and a separate step heat treatment to modify
or maintain the internal physical structure or chemical property
of metal, placement as an original goes to Class 148 except as indicated
in the following lines. It is noted that heat treatment includes
a cooling of metal for Class 148 purposes. If chemical heat-cutting
(e.g., flame cutting) or burning (i.e., oxidizing), ion implantation,
high frequency vibration to change microstructure, carburizing,
nitriding, or reactive coating of metal is claimed, combinations
with other classes involving treating metal with chemicals or chemical
compositions will go to Class 148, subject to the following exceptions.
Also see References to Other Classes, below, that reference
this section.
D. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MAKING AND SEMICONDUCTOR STOCK
Class 438 is the residual class for (a) multiple operations (steps)
for producing a semiconductor having a junction or semiconductor
device having a junction, usually between P-type and N-type material
or (b) an unit operation involving semiconductor material, not elsewhere provided.
Class 438, subclasses 795-799, provides for processes of heat treatment
of semiconductor material to change some characteristic thereof.
Since in certain instances semiconductor material could include
metallic compositions containing metal, placement goes to Class 438
as original over Class 148 if during the heat treatment there is
either a change in the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties since that is in essence a change in the
property of the semiconductor materials overall properties whether those
properties are expressed in terms of a change in conductance or
not. However, it is required that the metal composition undergoing
the heat treatment must be identified or perceived as semiconductor
material. If perceived, a mandatory cross is made in Class 148.
Semiconductor stock in Class 148, subclasses 33-33.6, must
be essentially homogeneous and have at least two contiguous layers
differing in the number of unbound electrons and/or differing
in energy gap levels, which exhibit a junction between the layers.
Class 252, subclass 62.3, is the location of compositions specialized and
designed for use as one layer which when combined with another such
layer would provide an interface exhibiting barrier layer properties
(e.g., as could exist in Class 148, subclasses 33-33.6, stock, if
the junction thereof were between P-type and N-type semiconducting
materials, etc.).
LINE WITH CLASS 29 AND CLASS 164
Combinations of casting and working are located in Class 29.
However, combinations of casting and heat treatment for purposes
of modifying or maintaining the internal physical structure (i.e.,
microstructure) or chemical properties of metal go as original to
Class 148. Combinations of casting and metal fusion bonding, machining,
or working go to Class 148, if there is significant heat treatment
as defined hereinabove. In continuous casting operations, wherein
the contiguous product is still connected to the casting surface,
a step involving significant heat treatment of the solid or semi-solid metal
which occurs outside or away from the molding surface goes to Class
148. However, chemical heat removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.)
or burning (i.e., oxidation) of a continuously cast metal goes to
Class 164, if some of the continuously cast and contiguous product
is connected to the shaping surface. Cutting operations in the
mold go to Class 164. Combinations of reactive coating, ion implantation
or high frequency vibration to change microstructure and casting
go to Class 148 if they occur outside the mold.
LINE WITH CLASS 204 AND CLASS 427
While the combination of etching and electrocoating or sputter-coating
or the combination of electrocoating or sputter-coating and a Class
427 coating operation is proper for Class 204, the inclusion of
a post-treatment involving a separate Class 148 operation to modify
or maintain the internal physical structure or chemical properties
of metal deposited by the Class 427 operation takes the overall
combination to Class 148 as original.
It is further noted that the other areas of Class 204, follow
a different line than the electrocoating or sputter-coating with
respect to Class 148. The presence in any step of an operation
proper for Class 148, if claimed independently, is sufficient to
take the noncoating Class 204 operation to Class 148 as original.
In the context of Class 204, electrorefining to recover metal from
solution is not considered electrocoating even though an electrode
is plated.
LINE WITH CLASS 205 AND CLASS 204
See Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used
Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, particularly
subclasses for processes of electrocoating of metal. At this time,
Class 205 is a subdivision of Class 204 and therefore all notes
concerning Class 204 should be consulted when determining the relationship
to Class 148.
LINE WITH CLASS 427 AND CLASS 204
Class 148 provides for certain coating processes, per se, if
the substrate is metal. The species of coating, per se, proper
for Class 148 include carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, or
reactive coating of a metal substrate. If there is a combination
coating operation for Class 427 and a Class 148 treatment of solid
or semi-solid metal in a step separate from the coating step to
modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or
chemical properties of metal, the combination goes as original to
Class 148 whether or not the treatment is preparatory to the Class
427 coating operation or is a post-treatment of the coating or substrate
or both. The line to Class 204 must be followed as between Class
427, Class 204, and Class 148. Moreover, if metal casting, fusion bonding,
machining, or working is involved in the combination, placement
goes to Class 148 only if the heat treatment is a significant heat
treatment as defined in the Class 148 definition, "A. Metal
Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding, etc., above." A combination
of a metal working step proper for one of the metal working classes
and ion implantation for coating purposes will be proper for Class
148. See particularly subclass 239 of Class 148 for ion implantation
of a metal substrate according to these distinctions. See also the
Class 427 definition "Search Class" notes.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 22, | see the notes for amplification of statement G of
the Class Definition. |
| 33, | see the notes for amplification of statement H of
the Class Definition. |
| 95, | see the notes for amplification of statement A in
the Class Definition, see the notes under subclass of this class. |
| 100, | see the notes for amplification of statement B in
the Class Definition. |
| 194, | see the notes for amplification of statement E of
the Class Definition. |
| 206, | see the notes for amplification of statement C of
the Class Definition. |
| 240, | see the notes for amplification of statement D of
the Class Definition. |
| 400, | see the notes for amplification of statement F of
the Class Definition. |
SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working, appropriate subclasses for processes having combined
operations involving metal working, machining, metal fusion bonding,
or casting class and treating not provided for in the metal working,
machining, welding, or casting classes. Since Class 29 is a residual metal
treating class and Class 148 is also a residual metal treating class,
the relationship established makes Class 148 superior in all cases
wherein significant heat treatment as defined in "A. Metal
Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding, etc." above, first paragraph,
is included. However, Class 29 is also a generic mechanical assembly
class. See Notes to the Class Definition, (2) Note of the Class
29 definition, (7) Note under Class 29, subclass 592,and the Class
29, subclass 428, definition. Wherein Class 29 mechanical assembly
is involved, placement in Class 148 as original is proper over Class
29, if significant heat treatment as described in "A. Metal
Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding, etc." above is included.
In all other situations, mechanical assembly operations remain
in Class 29. The combination of reactive coating or chemical heat
removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning (i.e., oxidizing)
to remove a portion of a metal workpiece, with a Class 29 metal
working, machining, fusion bonding, casting, or mechanical assembly
operation goes as an original to Class 148. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Metal Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding,etc.," above.) |
| 72, | Metal Deforming, appropriate subclasses for processes of deforming
metal by working that involve the use of heat. Class 148 is superior to
Class 72, if significant heat treatment is present before, after,
or during the deforming operation. Significant heat treatment is
defined under the first paragraph of "A. Metal Casting, Metal
Fusion Bonding, etc." above See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, Relationship To Combination Classes, "With Heat
Treatment", paragraph (c) of the Class 72 definition.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Metal
Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding etc.," above.) |
| 117, | Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
metal, alloy, or intermetallic single-crystal (except those proper
for the class of Metal Founding). Class 117 is proper for metal,
alloy, or intermetallic single-crystal growing in any physical state, including
solid phase recrystallization. Class 117 is proper for metal, alloy,
or intermetallic single-crystal growing and such combined with perfecting
operations for the growing step, except that Class 148 provides
for single-crystal growing combined with a subsequent step of heat
treatment (which herein includes controlled cooling) when the purpose
of the heat treatment (or controlled cooling) is to modify the internal
physical structure or chemical property of a metal, alloy, or intermetallic material.
When the subsequent heat treatment (or controlled cooling) merely
operates on the single-crystallinity, such as stress or strain annealing
or to remove point defects, the combined process is proper for Class
117; when the subsequent heat treatment (or controlled cooling)
operates to effect significant metal, alloy, or intermetallic material
heat treatment (or controlled cooling) purposes, such as solutionizing,
homogenizing, or precipitation hardening, then the combined process
is proper for Class 148. Class 117 provides for simultaneous or prior
perfecting operations combined with single-crystal growing. See
Class 117 definition, section C, (4) Note, for discussion of perfecting operations.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Chemical
Coating, Cleaning, Etching etc.," above.) |
| 134, | Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses for process of metal cleaning
and pickling, per se, Combinations with a Class 148 operation go
as original to Class 148. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class, "Chemical Coating, Cleaning, Etching, etc.," above.) |
| 156, | Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, for adhesive bonding and chemical etching. Combinations
of adhesive bonding or chemical etching with treatment of metal
to modify or maintain the internal physical structure or chemical
properties of metal go as original in Class 148. (See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, "Chemical Coating,
Cleaning, Etching, etc.," above.) |
| 164, | Metal Founding, appropriate subclasses for processes of casting
molten metal. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.) |
| 204, | Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclasses for processes of electrocoating
or sputter-coating that result in a metal layer being formed or
in metal being electrocoated by another material and combinations
of electrocoating or sputter-coating with other chemical treating
operations that (1) involve preparatory treatment of metal substrates including
heat-treatment which if claimed alone would be proper for Class
148 and (2) post-treatment solely of the electrocoated or sputter-coated
layer including heat-treatment which if claimed alone would be proper
for Class 148. However, if the subsequent treatment modifies the
original substrate or a combination of the original substrate and
the electrocoated or sputter-coated layer, placement goes elsewhere.
- Thus, Class 148 takes as original in combination with
an electrocoating or sputter-coating step only processes of post-treating
electrocoated or sputter-coated article or stock having an original substrate
which is post-treated and having present therewith a nonelectrocoated
or nonsputter coated solid or semi-solid metal portion or layer
to modify the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties of metal. In combinations, including electrocoating
or sputter-coating which have post-treatments, that also include
metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working; it is necessary
to have significant heat treatment as defined in Class 148, Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc." above before placement as original in
Class 148. Combinations that involve reactive coating as defined
in Class 148, subclasses 240-287, and a Class 204 electrocoating
or sputter-coating operation go to Class 204.
- Carburizing or nitriding of metal operations as defined in
Class 148, subclasses 206-238, if combined with a Class 204 operation
go in Class 148 as original regardless of the order of the treatment and
whether or not the coating or substrate is treated.
- Since Class 148 is superior to Class 204, if claims are present
which independently are classifiable in both classes, placement
goes as original to Class 148.
| | (1)
Note. Interdiffusion of the electrocoated or sputter-coated
layer occurring during the coating operation or during the post-treatment
operation is proper for Class 204 if limited to the interfacial
region between the coating and the substrate as a perfecting of the
bond between the coating and substrate. If the electrocoated or
sputter-coated layer is completely melted in the post-treatment operation
to perfect the bonding of the coating, this is proper for Class
204. If multiple electrocoated or sputter-coated regions are interdiffused
to the extent of completely alloying with loss of layer identity,
this is proper for Class 204. However, if the coating is completely
interdiffused into a metal substrate to completely alloy, leaving
no identifying layer on the substrate, placement goes to Class 148.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.) | |
| 205, | Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, particularly subclasses for processes of electrocoating
of metal. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class,
above.) |
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for processes of electric
heating of metal for metal fusion bonding, machining, or working
of metal and for processes of heating metal, per se. If the Class
219 metal fusion bonding or working of metal is combined with significant heat
treatment of metal as hereinabove defined, placement goes to Class
148. Lacking a step of metal fusion bonding, machining, or working of
metal, an electric heating to perform an operation falling under
the Class 148 definition will go to Class 148. Class 219 includes
processes utilizing an arc, plasma, laser, or other electrically
generated heat to cut metal. In general, the combination of electric
heat cutting and chemical-heat removing or burning of metal will
go to Class 148. However, an exception evolved in Class 219 wherein
there is a simultaneous chemical-heat removing or burning and arc-cutting
in which air or oxygen assisted the cutting (see Class 219, subclass 69.1,
(1) Note. Surface melting of a solid or semi-solid metal workpiece
for purposes other than metal fusion bonding, and consistent with the
Class 148 definition, are provided for in Class 148, even if by
electric heating. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Metal
Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding,etc.," above.) |
| 228, | Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for processes of metal fusion
bonding or welding of metal. A combination of metal fusion bonding
with a separate step involving significant heat treatment as hereinabove
defined will go to Class 148. Thus, a subsequent step of heat treating
to perfect the solid fusion bond left by the fusion bonding step
as, for example, by diffusion or by tempering goes to Class 148.
However, nominal annealing with no mention of the annealing temperature
remains with Class 228. Combinations of metal fusion bonding and
a separate step of surface melting of metal which is distinct and
nonpreparatory to the fusion bonding step go to Class 148. Combinations
of reactive coating of metal or chemical-heat removing (i.e., flame-cutting)
or burning of metal with metal fusion bonding go to Class 148.
Combinations of high frequency vibration in a separate step for
purposes of changing microstructure and metal fusion bonding go
to Class 148. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," above.) |
| 427, | Coating Processes, for processes of coating, per se. (See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class and Within This Class, above.) |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 692.1 and 693.1 for stock materials having a defined
magnetic layer; and subclasses 800-848.9 for magnetic heads, and magnetic
and magneto-optic storage medium, per se, with specific detail of
composition or physical chemistry (e.g., materials, microstructure,
surface property, etc.). |
| 445, | Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or
Device Manufacturing, appropriate subclasses for processes of producing
an assembled electric lamp or space discharge device wherein final
manufacturing steps involve Class 148 heating or Class 148 coating
treatment of solid metal electrodes or filaments within the completely
assembled device, in which case a cross-reference is placed in Class 148.
However, any Class 148 treatment of a metal electrode, per se,
goes as an original in Class 148, regardless of intended use in
an electric lamp or space discharge device. Thus, carburizing,
decarburizing, or hardening of a metal electrode or metal filament,
per se, goes in Class 148 as original. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Metal Casting, Metal Fusion Bonding,
etc.," above.) |
| 502, | Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product
or Process of Making, for processes of treating metal for purposes of
enhancing it"s catalytic function or to make it more durable for
catalytic operation even if a class 148 operation is involved.
However, if heat treatment is involved to modify or maintain the
microstructure or chemical properties of solid or semi-solid metal,
a cross-reference to Class 148 is mandatory. (See Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Class, "Chemical Coating, Cleaning,
Etching, etc.," above.) |
| 508, | Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Thereof,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions,
subclasses 100 through 109for inter alia materials used to make solid anti-friction
devices or articles, which material contain a lubricant as a permanent
part thereof, whether by permanent coating, impregnation into the
interstices thereof, or by being part of the composition. |
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
AGING OR AGEING
Also termed precipitation hardening
or strengthening. A process whereby the hardness/strength
of a metal alloy may be increased by subjecting a supersaturated solid
solution to elevated temperature to precipitate out a secondary
phase containing the solute. Aging may also be manifested as a
spontaneous increase in hardness at room temperature. Aging for
a longer time than that corresponding to maximum hardness at the
particular temperature is termed overageing.
Aging after or during straining is known as strain
aging. Maraging steels
are a specific group of high nickel (i.e., greater than ten percent
Nickel), low carbon martensitic steels which can be fabricated while
in a comparatively ductile martensitic condition and later strengthened
by aging treatment.
AMORPHOUS
A term signifying a lack of regular crystalline order, much
like the absence of long-range crystalline order in glass.
ANNEALING
A single thermal heat treatment wherein the heating of
a metal workpiece to a temperature results in improved formability.
AUSTEMPERING
A procedure that involves preliminary quenching of austenized
metal to a temperature in the lower bainite range, usually in a
molten salt bath, holding at this temperature until transformation
is complete, and quenching or air cooling to room temperature.
If desired, a lower hardness level may be produced by including
an additional tempering step.
AUSTENIZING
A process of heating to an elevated temperature within the
austenitic range.
BLUEING
A process of forming a protective oxide coating on ferrous
metal.
CARBURIZING
A process wherein a metal substrate is treated with an externally
supplied source of carbon resulting in the carburization of the
metal by chemical reaction or diffusion.
CASE HARDENING
A term most often applied to carburizing or nitriding processes
which result in a hardened surface on the workpiece.
MALLEABLEIZING
A process applied to cast irons whereby the combined carbon
in the as-cast microstructure is graphitized to form temper carbon.
When combined with decarburization of the surface, the resulting
product is termed white-heart malleable iron.
MARTEMPERING
A process which involves preliminary quenching of austenized
metal to a temperature just above the Ms temperature and holding
until the temperature is equalized throughout the metal, followed
by air cooling through the martensite transformation range and subsequent reheating
to produce tempered martensite of the desired strength level.
NITRIDING
A process wherein a metal substrate is treated with an externally
supplied source of nitrogen resulting in an increased nitrogen content
of the metal by chemical reaction or diffusion.
NORMALIZING
A process of heating the metal above it"s critical
temperature range and cooling in air thereby establishing a fine uniform
grain size and improving microstructural uniformity.
PATENTING
A continuous process consisting of heating the metal
to a temperature well above the upper critical temperature, then
rapidly cooling through the critical temperature at a comparatively
rapid rate to a predetermined elevated temperature, the cooling
step being commonly effected in a fused metallic bath.
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
See definition for ageing above.
RECRYSTALLIZATION
A thermal treatment of previously worked metal to effect
an equiaxed microstructure through the nucleation of strain free
grains and the gradual consumption of the worked matrix by the growth
of these grains.
SOLUTION TREATING
A process whereby an alloy system possessing decreasing
solute solidity with temperature is treated to dissolve said solute
in the parent phase. Subsequent quenching results in solute supersaturation
and thus places the metal alloy in a condition for age hardening.
Also applied to heating a multi-phase metal alloy to an elevated
temperature to dissolve one or more phases.
STRESS RELIEVING OR STRESS RELIEF ANNEALING
The heating of metal to a comparatively low temperature
to relieve microstructural strain induced by working.
TEMPERING
Involves the heating of previously quenched or normalized
metal alloy to an elevated temperature, and then cooling under suitable
conditions to obtain the desired mechanical properties.
SUBCLASSES
![[List of Patents for class 148 subclass 22]](../ps.gif) 22 | COMPOSITIONS: |
| | This subclass is indented under the class definition. Compositions employed in the treatment of solid metal and
processes for preparing same when not otherwise classifiable.
| | (1)
Note. In this subclass are collected, for example, compositions
specialized for use in masking areas of metal surface to protect
said areas during the metal treatment, e.g., the use of protective
paint on localized areas during carburizing or nitriding treatments. |
| | (2)
Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the SECTION LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION
CLASSES. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 106, | Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for coating or plastic compositions in general. |
| 427, | Coating Processes,
subclass 259 for a coating process including utilizing a masking
coating. |
| 510, | Cleaning Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary
Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 245 through 274for metal cleaning compositions, particularly subclasses 258+ and
269+ for pickling compositions. |
|
| | |
| 23 | Fluxing: |
| | Compositions which contain a substance which facilitates
uniting by fusion in such processes as welding, soldering and coating.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass and indented subclasses 24 to 26, also
take methods of fluxing using a particular composition, even when
that method is designated as a method of soldering, brazing or welding. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses for fluxing compositions
specialized for use in metallurgical processes. |
| 228, | Metal Fusion Bonding,
subclasses 214+ for methods of soldering, brazing or welding which
include, but are not restricted to, the step of fluxing by the use
of a particular composition. |
|
| | |
| 24 | Metallic: |
| | The composition as applied contains metal particles.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 252+ for a loose mixture of metal particles and nonmetal
particles which may be fluxing agents. Where such a mixture is claimed,
and the mixture is disclosed of use only for fluxing of solid metal and
only in combination with a vehicle, that is, a binder, slurrying
agent, etc., the patent is placed here and cross-referenced in Class
75, subclasses 252+. |
| 106, | Compositions: Coating or Plastic,
subclass 1.05 for metal-depositing compositions which may contain metal
particles, a flux and a vehicle. |
| 228, | Metal Fusion Bonding,
subclass 56 for comparison with this subclass (24). |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 558 and 560+ for metallic stock material which
often contains fluxing ingredients. |
|
| | |
| 26 | Inorganic: |
| | Composed wholly of inorganic substances when applied to
the metal. |
| | |
| 27 | Heat treating: |
| | Compositions for treating solid metal when in a heated condition.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 13.1+, | for heat treatment processes utilizing special compositions. |
| 27+, | for heat treating compositions applied to the surface
of the metal work in the nature of a granular deposit or coating. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 252, | Compositions, for heat exchange and related compositions, per
se. This and indented subclasses of Class 148 provide for patents
directed to metal heat treating compositions where, in addition
to the heat exchange function the composition, or any of its constituents,
reacts chemically, with the metal or any of its alloy constituents
to form coatings, metal compounds, etc., or to case harden the work. |
|
| | |
| 28 | Liquid: |
| | The composition is in a liquid condition when brought into
contact with the hot metal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 18, | and 20.6, for processes of heat treating while contacting
the metal with a liquid. |
|
| | |
| 30 | Carbonaceous: |
| | The composition contains available carbon, which it gives
up to the heated metal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 19, | for processes of heat treating ferrous alloys for
heat treating while contacting the metal with a carbonaceous solid. |
|
| | |
| 33 | BARRIER LAYER STOCK MATERIAL, P-N TYPE: |
| | This subclass is indented under the class definition. Electrically semiconductive stock which is essentially homogeneous
and has at least two contiguous layers differing in the number of unbound
electrons and/or differing in energy gap levels, which
exhibit a junction between the layers.
| | (1)
Note. A semiconductive material is an electronic conductor
whose resistivity at room temperature is in the range 10-2to 10-9ohm-cm
(which is between metals and insulators), in which the electric charge
carrier concentration increases with increasing temperatures over
some temperature range. Certain semiconductive material possess
two types of carriers, namely negative electrons and positive holes.
The essential difference between a semiconductor and a metal is that
the number of free electrons in the former is very small, the energy
band being either entirely full or entirely empty, except for a
few electrons and holes created by thermal excitation (intrinsic
semiconductor) or by the presence of impurities. By energy gap
is meant the energy range between the bottom of the conduction band
and the top of the valence band. The vacant energy levels in the
valence band are defined as holes. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 117, | Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes: Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, particularly
subclasses 22+ for liquid phase single crystallization techniques
of the melt-pull type which produce adjoining crystals of different
composition (i.e., junction formation), subclasses 56+ for
liquid phase epitaxial growth techniques involving a change in a growth-influencing
parameter (e.g., multilayer or junction or superlattice formation),
subclasses 89+ for chemical vapor deposition techniques
of forming a single crystal involving a change in a growth-influencing parameter
(e.g., multilayer or junction or superlattice formation), and subclass
105 for vapor deposition techniques of forming a single crystal involving
a change in a growth-influencing parameter (e.g., multilayer or junction
or superlattice formation). |
| 136, | Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,
subclasses 236.1+ for thermoelectric compositions wherein at least
two elements of a battery are claimed; particularly subclasses 238 and
239 for semiconductive materials. |
| 252, | Compositions,
subclass 62.3 for compositions specialized and designed for use
as one member of two whose interface exhibits barrier layer properties,
e.g., either P-type or N-type. |
| 257, | Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors,
Solid-State Diodes), appropriate subclasses for an active solid-state
devices many of which include a barrier layer. |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 615+ for a metallic composite defined in terms of the composition
of its components, especially subclass 620 for such composite having
a semiconductor component, but no P-N junction. |
| 438, | Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for methods of making semiconductor structures possessing
a barrier layer; see the search notes therein. |
|
| | |
| 33.1 | With contiguous layer doped to degeneracy: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Stock which has two contiguous layers of semiconductive
material doped to degeneracy.
| | (1)
Note. The term "degenerate" indicates a sufficiently
high concentration of carriers so that the material acts essentially like
a conductor rather than a semiconductor. |
| | (2)
Note. The contiguous degenerate doped layers exhibit a junction
width on the order of 200 angstroms. | |
| | |
| 33.2 | With recess, void, dislocation, grain boundaries or channel
openings: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Stock in which at least one layer contains voids, dislocations,
grain boundaries or channel openings.
| | (1)
Note. The structural characteristics referred to in this
subclass may be present in the semiconductive material by design
prior to formation of contiguous layers or subsequent to the formation thereof. | |
| | |
| 95 | PROCESS OF MODIFYING OR MAINTAINING INTERNAL PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
(I.E., MICROSTRUCTURE) OR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL, PROCESS
OF REACTIVE COATING OF METAL AND PROCESS OF CHEMICAL-HEAT REMOVING
(E.G., FLAME-CUTTING, ETC.) OR BURNING OF METAL: |
| | This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which relates to (1) a process of modifying
or maintaining the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties of metal not elsewhere provided, (2) a process
of reactive coating of metal, and (3) a process of chemical-heat removing
(e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning (i.e., oxidizing) of a portion
of a metal workpiece.
| | (1)
Note. Most subject matter herein will relate to processes
of treating solid or semisolid metal with heat without melting a
substantial portion thereof and will also include the combination
of significant heating and working not provided for in the other
metal working classes. However, casting or casting and working of
molten metal, if combined with heat treatment to change the microstructure of
a solid metal resulting therefrom, is acceptable to this class. |
| | (2)
Note. For purposes of distinguishing over the metal working
classes, significant heat treatment occurs when the temperature
or heating or cooling rate is provided for in a nonworking treating step
or when microstructure description is utilized in the claim. Working
at a specified temperature is not a significant heat treatment without
mention of microstructure. The mere use of the term "ageing" or "tempering" will
be considered significant heat treatment. Except for "work
hardening", the use of the term "hardening" will
be considered significant heat treatment. "Quenching" will
be considered significant heat treatment lacking an indication that
it means simply returning to a convenient working temperature. "Stress-relief-annealing" will
remain in the metal working classes. Working metal in the "superplastic" state
or during "dynamic-recrystallization" remains
in the working classes unless a temperature is provided. "Ion
implantation" will be a sufficient indication of microstructural change
to place classification in Class 148. When combined with working, "annealing",
per se, will remain in the metal working classes. However, annealing
at a specified temperature goes in Class 148. Merely, heating or cooling
a metal to a working temperature is not significant heat treatment.
However, the presence in any step of a significant heat treatment
as hereinabove described is sufficient to place the classification
in Class 148. |
| | (3)
Note. The presence of carburizing, nitriding, or reactive
coating is sufficient to place the classification in Class 148, even
if a metal working step is present. | |
| | |
| 96 | Superconductive metal or alloy (i.e., superconductive Tc
at or below 30° K): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein a metal or an alloy of metal that develops
zero resistance to electrical current flowing therethrough at or
below 30° Kelvin is the metal being treated.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working,
subclass 599 for processes of producing superconductor without
microstructural change or alloying (e.g., by diffusion) and having
superconductive Tc at or below 30° K. |
| 505, | Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process, appropriate subclasses for a process of treating metal
or metal alloy that becomes superconducting above 30° Kelvin and
for cross-reference art collections relating to superconducting
technology. |
|
| | |
| 97 | Particle (e.g., ion, neutron, etc.) bombardment or electromagnetic
wave energy (e.g., laser, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Process wherein a superconducting precursor or superconducting
metal is subjected (1) to particle (e.g., ion, neutron, etc.) bombardment for
purposes other than implantation or (2) to electromagnetic wave
energy (e.g., laser, etc.). |
| | |
| 98 | Producing or treating an A3B (e.g., Nb3Sn, V3Ga,
Nb3Al, etc.) superconducting alloy: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Process wherein an intermetallic superconducting alloy having
three parts of metal A to one part of metal B present, often identified
as an A3B (e.g., Nb3Sn, V3Ga, Nb3Al, etc.), and said to have an
A-15 crystal structure is produced or treated.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass accepts implantation of another metal
or element into the A3B structure. | |
| | |
| 100 | Magnetic materials: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes which include developing, improving, modifying,
or preserving the magnetic properties of a free metal or alloy,
occurring alone or mixed with one or more other components.
| | (1)
Note. Most of the patents in subclasses 100 through 122 relate
to the production of stock material such as billets, rods, dust
cores, powder, etc., having magnetic properties which are different
from those of the starting material. |
| | (2)
Note. Subclasses 100 through 122 take all types of processes
of the type defined therein except those restricted to changing
the magnetic properties of a metal, and wherein such change is effected
by:
| | (a)
electrolysis, provided for in Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes,
Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions. |
| | (b)
casting a metal and treatment of the metal before removal
from a mold, provided for in Class 164, Metal Founding. |
| | (c)
Class 335, Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches, Magnets,
and Electromagnets, subclasses 209+ for magnets and electromagnets
in general especially subclass 284 for patents relating to magnetizing
or demagnetizing, also Class 336, Inductor Devices, appropriate
subclasses. |
| | (d)
the formation of a coating on a metal base provided for in
subclasses 240+ of this class or Class 427, Coating Processes,
appropriate subclasses, respectively, depending on whether the coating is
accomplished with or without a chemical reaction with the metal
base. | |
| | (3)
Note. The material being treated must contain a free metal
or alloy component which is intentionally included therein. Treatment
of such material, except as indicated in (2) Note, will result in
classification in Class 148 unless there is a clear indication that
such treatment has no effect upon the internal structure of the
metal. This factor is of particular importance in connection with
subclass 104. |
| | (4)
Note. Processes reciting some step in addition to heat treatment
and/or working are classified in this subclass, rather than
in one of subclasses 120, 121 or 122, e.g., combined processes reciting heat
treatment and/or working combined with any of the steps
of manipulation, pickling, impregnating, etching, winding, broad
magnetizing, etc., are placed in this subclass and cross-referenced
to the appropriate one of subclasses 120 to 122. However, some operations
which amount to no more than that of "providing" the
material, such as a broad casting of the metal or the mere alloying
of specified metals making up the material whose magnetic properties
are to be altered, are not sufficient, by themselves, to place a
combined process in this subclass. In such cases classification
will be in the appropriate indented subclass. |
| | (5)
Note. Processes of producing metal powder, of the type classifiable
in Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, accompanied by broad
treatment in a magnetic field, not carried out simultaneously with
another operation, are classified in Class 148 subclass 100 and
in indented subclass 108 when such treatment is significantly recited.
Where the material has permanent magnet properties, such processes
are classified in subclasses 101+. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 300+, | for magnetic stock resulting from processes of subclasses
100 through 122, not recited in terms of significant external structure.
A claim reciting a particular orientation of crystals relates to
internal structure and belongs in subclasses 300+. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working,
subclasses 602.1+ , for (1) methods of manufacturing magnets or parts
thereof, having metallic material as an active magnetic component
which, in addition to the manufacturing steps, recite no procedure
other than broad treatment in a magnetic field, for intentionally modifying
the magnetic properties of the work, or (2) methods of manufacturing
magnets from nonmetallic materials which recite some step in addition
to one or more of the following: making the composition, molding,
heat treatment, magnetizing. Processes restricted to any or all
of the four named operations are classified in Class 252, Compositions,
subclasses 62.51+, unless the molding is recited significantly
in which case the process is classified in Class 264, Plastic and
Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, subclasses 427+. |
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 343+ for processes of preparing free metals or alloys,
or mixtures thereof in powder form, where the process does not modify
any inherent magnetic properties that may be present in the material or
where the magnetic properties of the material produced are due entirely to
the size and/or shape of the particles. |
| 252, | Compositions,
subclasses 62.51+ for processes of preparing magnetic compositions
and the compositions resulting therefrom as well as such processes
combined with heat treating, magnetizing and broad molding, taken
singly or in combination, except where a metallic component is intentionally
present in the composition and the magnetic properties of such component
are modified by some step of the process, in which case the process
belongs in Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 100+. |
| 335, | Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches, Magnets,
and Electromagnets,
subclasses 296+ for magnets or electromagnets with significant
structural details. |
| 336, | Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses for inductor devices with
significant structural details. |
| 361, | Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclass 267 for demagnetizing methods and apparatus. |
| 420, | Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for alloys designated as "magnetic" or "permanent magnet" where
no more specific designation of their magnetic properties is set
forth. |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclass 611 for metallic stock material having magnetic properties coordinated
with its shape. |
|
| | |
| 101 | Permanent magnet: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes carried out with material intended for use as
a permanent magnet.
| | (1)
Note. Processes conforming to the above definition, including
broad treatment in a magnetic field or broad magnetizing, not carried
out simultaneously with another operation, are placed in this subclass.
Such processes including a specific step of treatment in a magnetic field
or of magnetizing, are placed in subclass 103 unless age hardening
is included, in which case the patent is placed in subclass 102
and cross-referenced in subclass 103. |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass and the indented subclasses 102 and 103
take processes of treating magnetic material under the definition
thereof, wherein the material at some stage of the process is in
comminuted form. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 300+, | for permanent magnetic material resulting from processes
classifiable in subclasses 101 to 103, not recited in terms of significant
external structure. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working,
subclasses 607 and 608 for processes of manufacturing permanent
magnets not coming within the definitions of Class 148, subclasses
101 to 103, or Class 252, Compositions, subclasses 62.51+.
The line involving these three classes is stated in (3) Note and
in the search note to Class 29 under the definition of subclass
100 of Class 148. |
| 252, | Compositions,
subclasses 62.51+ for processes as described in the search note to
Class 252 under the definition of subclass 100 of Class 148, where the
products are permanently magnetic. |
|
| | |
| 103 | Treatment in a magnetic field: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Processes , including a significant treatment in a magnetic
field.
| | (1)
Note. The processes of this subclass include at least one
step of magnetizing or other treatment in a magnetic field, e.g.,
making the material magnetically anisotropic. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 108, | for methods of modifying the magnetic properties
of a metal not capable of use as a permanent magnet, and not classifiable
in subclasses 104 or 105, involving the significant application of
a magnetic field to the work. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 335, | Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches, Magnets,
and Electromagnets,
subclass 284 for devices for magnetizing or demagnetizing magnets
or electromagnets. |
| 361, | Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclass 267 for demagnetizing methods and apparatus. |
|
| | |
| 104 | Dust cores: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes in which comminuted metallic material, the particles
of which are usually separated from each other by electrically insulating material,
is compacted into self-sustaining form, or in which a previously
produced dust core is subjected to a treatment not classifiable elsewhere.
| | (1)
Note. For the line involving Classes 29, 148 and 252 relative
to methods of producing magnetic material or stock, see (3) Note
and the search notes following the definition of subclass 100 of
this class. |
| | (2)
Note. To be classified in this subclass, a process must recite
a treatment in addition to that of compacting, which alters or preserves
the magnetic properties of the material. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 513, | for processes of heat treating particulate metal
not involving altering the magnetic properties thereof. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 252, | Compositions,
subclass 62.51 for processes of making magnetic compositions,
including the steps of magnetizing and/or broad molding, even
though a metallic component is intentionally included in the composition
providing the composition is not subjected to a heat treatment which alters
the internal structure of such component. See the search note to Class
252 under Class 148, subclass 100. |
| 336, | Inductor Devices,
subclass 223 and 234 for dust cores recited in terms of significant
structure. |
|
| | |
| 105 | Particulate material: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes wherein the material is in particulate form at
the time its magnetic properties are altered, as well as at the
end of the process.
| | (1)
Note. The products of processes of this subclass are in the
form of powder, granules, flakes, lumps, etc. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 513, | for processes of heat treating particulate metal
not involving altering the magnetic properties thereof. |
|
| | |
| 108 | Treatment in a magnetic field: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes including the significant application of a magnetic
field to the work.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 100, | for combined processes not classifiable in subclasses
101 through 105, reciting a broad step of magnetizing which is not
performed simultaneously with another operation. |
| 103, | for processes involving the significant application
of a magnetic field to permanent magnet material. |
|
| | |
| 110 | Silicon steel: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes, restricted to the treatment of steel having at
least 0.4% silicon.
| | (1)
Note. A process reciting "silicon steel", and
not specifying the silicon content, will be placed in this subclass
if it comes within the definition of subclass 100. |
| | (2)
Note. The patents of this subclass embrace a larger combination
of steps than those which are classified in indented subclasses
111 to 113, e.g., many of the patents of this subclass recite coating,
pickling, or manipulation in addition to working and/or
heat treatment. However, some operations which amount to no more
than that of "providing" the material, such as
a broad casting of the metal or the mere alloying of specified metals
making up the material whose magnetic properties are to be altered,
are not sufficient, by themselves, to place a combined process in
this subclass. In such cases, classification will be in the appropriate
indented subclass. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 120+, | for processes not classifiable in subclasses 100
to 108 for altering the magnetic properties of metallic material
other than silicon steel. |
| 579+, | for processes of treating silicon steels which do
not alter the magnetic properties of the material. |
|
| | |
| 111 | Working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Processes restricted to working or working and heat treatment. |
| | |
| 113 | With special compositions: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Processes wherein in the work is in contact with a special
composition or atmosphere which does not form a reactive coating
with the base, and wherein the work is not subjected to a mechanically
applied force.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 110, | for processes wherein silicon steel is subjected
to a substantial force, as by clamping, while in contact with a
special material or composition without effecting any change in
shape or dimensions. |
| 240+, | for processes wherein the only treatment employed,
to alter the magnetic properties of a metallic material, is a reactive
coating of a metal base. |
| 625+, | for other heat treating of ferrous metal with special
compositions. |
|
| | |
| 120 | Working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes restricted to working, or working and heat treatment.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 111, | for processes of the type defined above when the
material being treated is a silicon steel. |
|
| | |
| 121 | Heat treatment: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes restricted to heating and/or cooling.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 112, | for processes of the type defined above when the
material being treated is a silicon steel. |
|
| | |
| 122 | With special compositions: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Processes wherein the work is in contact with a special
composition or atmosphere which does not form a reactive coating
with the base and wherein the work is not subjected to a mechanically
applied force.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 100, | for processes wherein the work is subjected to a
substantial force, as by clamping, while in contact with a special
material or composition. |
| 240+, | for processes wherein the only treatment employed,
to alter the magnetic properties of a metallic material, is a reactive
coating of a metal base. |
|
| | |
| 194 | Chemical-heat removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning
of metal: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process which is directed to utilizing chemically generated
heat to remove or sever a portion from a solid or semisolid metal
workpiece by localized burning (i.e., oxidization) or by localized
melting (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 164, | Metal Founding, particularly
subclass 460 , wherein there is flame-cutting of a cast product
while a continuous portion of the cast product is still associated
with the casting mold and see (2) Note thereunder. |
| 166, | Wells, particularly
subclass 297 for a process of in situ chemical-heat cutting
of metal structures in the earth. |
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for the utilization of arc, plasma,
laser or other electrically generated heat cutting and particularly
subclass 69.1 for oxygen assisted arc cutting, per se.
| | (1)
Note. In general, heat cutting and chemical-heat removing
or burning of metal will go to Class 148. A special line evolved
in Class 219 wherein arc-cutting in air or with Oxygen assisted
arc-cutting (see Class 219, subclass 69.1, (1) Note) remained in
Class 219 regardless of the oxidation reaction involved. | |
|
| | |
| 196 | Program or pattern control: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Process wherein a template or program generated function
controls a cutting action by causing a chemical-heating means to
move in response to the template or program. |
| | |
| 197 | Utilizing fluid contact other than flame: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Process wherein an auxiliary gas or liquid, utilized for
purposes other than chemical generation of heat, is brought into
contact with a workpiece for any reason; such as, for collecting
or ensnaring solid refuse or waste material produced by the removing
or burning process or for quenching or cooling operations. |
| | |
| 198 | With solid additive: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Process wherein a solid treating agent is utilized on a
workpiece or within a flame to assist removing material from or
burning of a workpiece. |
| | |
| 204 | Flame piercing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Process wherein a metal workpiece is subjected to chemical-heat
to form an aperture or opening by completely burning away a portion
that initially resided at the location of an aperture or opening
without actually providing plural pieces. |
| | |
| 205 | Plural nozzles or plural work-contacting jets: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Process wherein plural nozzles or plural gaseous jets contact
a workpiece for purposes of chemical-heat cutting or other treatment thereof.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass excludes gaseous jets either as surrounding
or combining gaseous streams which mix or combine in a single nozzle
or which result in only one gaseous stream that contacts the workpiece. | |
| | |
| 206 | Carburizing or nitriding using externally supplied carbon
or nitrogen source: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein a metal substrate or workpiece is treated
with an externally supplied source of carbon or nitrogen or both
resulting in the carburization or nitriding of a metal by chemical reaction
or diffusion.
| | (1)
Note. Carburizing or nitriding most often results in a chemical
reaction forming a metal compound. However, if there is a positive
indication of merely diffusion into the metal substrate without a
chemical reaction (e.g., carbide or nitride formation, etc.) placement
is proper hereinunder if from an external supply of carbon or nitrogen. |
| | (2)
Note. Carburizing or nitriding combined with a step of melting
a metal surface is proper hereinunder. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 278, | for processes of reactive coating wherein a carbide
coating is obtained by reaction of a noncarbon containing external
reactive agent (e.g., metal, etc.) which deposits on a metal alloy base
and carbon in the alloy base out-diffuses or reacts with the agent
to form a metal carbide coating on said base. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses for processes of reacting
a carbon or nitrogen source with a molten mass of metal to increase
the carbon or nitrogen content of the metal. |
| 423, | Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropriate subclasses for processes of producing
a metal carbide or metal nitride (i.e., not a coated metal), per se,
by reacting a metal with a source of carbon or nitrogen. |
| 427, | Coating Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes, per se, of
depositing a carbide or nitride on a metal or metal alloy base wherein
the base does not supply the source of the carbon or nitrogen or
the metal which forms the carbide or nitride (e.g.,chemical vapor
deposition of a metal carbide on a metal base).
| | (1)
Note. A metal layer on a metal oxide layer if completely
reacted with an external source of carbon to provide a metal carbide
layer on the metal oxide layer goes as original to Class 427 since
no metal layer remains adjacent the metal carbide layer and there
was no metal substrate directly carburized. To simplify the line
remember that, if coating is involved, the carburized or nitridized
reaction product must remain adjacent or contiguous with a metal
substrate for the process to remain in Class 148. This will apply
whether or not the metal substrate remaining after reaction was
the source of the metal in the reacted layer. Also, if no metal
substrate remains with the product, placement goes to Class 427
even if the reaction product was produced from a metal substrate. | |
|
| | |
| 208 | With decarburizing or denitriding: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Process which includes at some stage in the process a procedure
for elimination or reduction of the carbon content or the nitrogen
content of a metal substrate by chemical or physical-chemical procedures
and does not include mechanical procedures (e.g., grinding) for
removal of the carbon or nitrogen containing metal. |
| | |
| 209 | Utilizing particulate fluid bed: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Process in which a particulate fluid bed is utilized at
any stage in a process of treating a metal or metal alloy for purposes
of heat transfer or carburization or nitridization or both. |
| | |
| 210 | Of selected surface area (e.g., zone, top only, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Process wherein only a partial area (e.g., zone, etc.) or
portion (e.g., top only, etc.) of a workpiece surface is subjected
to carburization or nitridization.
| | (1)
Note. During carburizing or nitridizing, penetration of carbon
or nitrogen into the metal substrate or reaction therewith creates
what is often referred to as a gradient referring to variation
in composition with depth. This should not be confused with the
zone or portion of the surface referred to in this subclass. | |
| | |
| 212 | Nitriding: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Process which involves exposing a metal substrate or workpiece
to an external reactive agent containing nitrogen that causes formation of
a nitrogen enriched layer by reacting with the metal substrate or
workpiece at any stage in the process. |
| | |
| 213 | Utilizing attached protective shield, mask or coating: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Process wherein a portion of a workpiece is covered with
a temporary protective shield, mask or coating that prohibits the
carburizing or nitridizing action in an area to which it is attached
and which is not intended to remain a part of the final product
and acts in transitory manner to achieve the carburizing or nitridizing
of a selective surface area. |
| | |
| 221 | With casting or solidifying from melt: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy is cast or a total
mass (i.e., not just a portion or coating) of metal is solidified
from a melted state.
| | (1)
Note. Coating from a melt is excluded from this subclass
even though the coating is solidified. | |
| | |
| 228 | Nitriding: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Process which involves exposing a metal substrate or workpiece
to an external reactive agent containing nitrogen that causes formation of
a nitrogen enriched layer by reacting with the metal substrate or
workpiece at any stage in the process. |
| | |
| 230 | Nitriding: |
| | Process under 225 which involves exposing a metal substrate
or workpiece to an external reactive agent containing nitrogen that
causes formation of a nitrogen enriched layer by reacting with the
metal substrate or workpiece. |
| | |
| 235 | Utilizing hydrocarbon, oil or oxygenated hydrocarbon (e.g.,
alcohol, furan, carbohydrate, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 225. Process wherein hydrocarbon, oil or oxygenated hydrocarbon
(e.g., alcohol, furan, carbohydrate, etc.) is utilized at any stage
in the process. |
| | |
| 237 | Refractory metal (i.e., Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta,
W) or refractory base alloy: |
| | Process under 206 wherein a metal workpiece undergoing carburizing
or nitridizing is a refractory metal (i.e., Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo,
Hf, Ta, W) or alloy thereof containing greater than 50 percent of
any one of the refractory metals. |
| | |
| 238 | Nitriding: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Process which involves exposing a metal substrate or workpiece
to an external reactive agent containing nitrogen that causes formation of
a nitrogen enriched layer by reacting with the metal substrate or
workpiece at any stage in the process. |
| | |
| 239 | With ion implantation: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein an ionic species is directed at a substrate
with sufficient energy to be deposited within the microstructure
or interstitial spaces of a metal substrate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206+, | for ion implantation of carbon or nitrogen which
combines with the metal or metal substrate to form a coating thereon
or to affect a composition change throughout. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 204, | Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclasses for processes of coating
a substrate utilizing ionic bombardment and sputtering from a target
wherein the sputtered material becomes deposited on a metal substrate
to form a coating thereon.
| | (1)
Note. There is no intent to take sputter coating in this
particular subclass of Class 148. | |
| 250, | Radiant Energy,
subclass 492.3 for processes of, per se, ion or electron beam
irradiation. |
| 427, | Coating Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes of ion implanting,
per se, or ion plating of the near surface region of substrates
in general to provide a coating thereon.
| | (1)
Note. There is no intent to take ion plating in this subclass
of Class 148. |
| | (2)
Note. Class 427 will take simultaneous ion implantation and
diffusion as proper for Class 427 if coating is present. However,
inclusion of a separate step which by itself would be classifiable
in Class 148 is enough to place the combination in Class 148. Moreover,
a combination of a metal working step proper for one of the metal
working classes and ion implantation for coating purposes will be
proper for this subclass. Ion implantation throughout a metal
substrate is not merely coating for Class 427 and since microstructural
change is involved, placement will be considered proper for Class
148. | |
| 438, | Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, appropriate subclasses for ion implantation of a
semiconductor substrate (e.g., for gettering, amorphousizing, or
doping of semiconductor material to alter electrical characteristics,
etc.). |
|
| | |
| 240 | Processes of coating utilizing a reactive composition which
reacts with metal substrate or composition therefore: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes involving forming a layer of a coating on an elemental
or alloyed metal substrate by applying thereto a material which
reacts with the metal substrate to form a layer in whole or part
thereon distinct from the metal, per se, to a composition which
reacts with a metal substrate to form a coating thereon and to processes
of preparing said reactive coating compositions.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass also includes compositions and processes
of preparing same and methods of use which are not specifically
provided elsewhere and which perfect the reactive coating processes.
The perfecting of the reactive coating process may be either prior
or subsequent to the coating process. Included herein are subcombinations where
the reactive coating step is not claimed, per se, or wherein the
composition or treatment involves a prior reacted metal substrate.
In all instances there must be disclosure consistent with a coating
process proper for this subclass. |
| | (2)
Note. Coating for purposes of this subclass is consistent
with the definition of coating as elaborated in Class 427, Coating
Processes. |
| | (3)
Note. Each of the subclasses under subclass 240 also provides
for compositions. In those instances where the process of coating
is not claimed or wherein a composition is claimed which is not
coextensive with the coating process it is incumbent for proper
placement to analyze the claim from the perspective of the step
which allows the claim to be proper in subclass 240. |
| | (4)
Note. Unless specifically noted as, for instance, that the
material is reactive (subclasses 252, 254, and 256) or nonreactive
(subclass 248) the material in the coating composition may or may
not be reactive with the metal substrate. There must be, however,
at least one material in the composition which reacts with the base.
For instance, a composition containing a nonreactive dicarboxylic
acid and a reactive inorganic phosphorus material is classified
in subclasses 253+. |
| | (5)
Note. Included herein are processes of coating a nonmetallic
material with a metal or alloy coating and subsequently forming
a base supplied reacted coating thereon. |
| | (6)
Note. This and the indented subclasses do not include case
hardening, i.e., carburizing or nitriding processes and compositions
therefore. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206, | through 238, for carburizing, nitriding, or both
(e.g., carbonitriding) using an externally supplied source of carbon
or nitrogen. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 106, | Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclass for a coating composition which
does not react with a metal substrate to form a coating thereon
and wherein the metal substrate does not supply an ingredient of
the formed coating. |
| 134, | Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclass for processes of cleaning a
metal surface. |
| 204, | Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 471+ for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating and
subclasses 192.12+ for glow discharge sputter deposition.
Plural coating processes wherein a Class 148 process precedes or
is subsequent to a Class 204 process are proper in Class 204. A
process involving electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering
and wherein a chemical reaction between a metal substrate and a
reactive coating material is involved is proper in Class 204. |
| 205, | Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 67+ for electroforming and subclasses 80+ for
electrolytic coating. Plural coating processes wherein a Class
148 process precedes or is subsequent to a Class 205 process are proper
in Class 205. A process involving electrolysis and wherein a chemical
reaction between a metal substrate and a reactive coating material
is involved is proper in Class 205. |
| 252, | Compositions,
subclasses 79.1+ for compositions for treating a metal substrate
and wherein the disclosure is silent as to a subsequent chemical reaction
with a reactive coating composition and which may react with a metal
surface and subclasses 387+ for anticorrosion compositions
which may react with a metal surface and which are added to a metal
surface indirectly as through a circulating system rather than directly
surface treating the metal with a composition. |
| 427, | Coating Processes, appropriate subclass for plural coating, processes wherein
none of the steps involves a reaction of a metal or metal substrate with
an exteriorly applied chemically reactive coating material. All
combinations of plural coating methods, one of which is applied
by a Class 148 method, are provided for in Class 148. Metals merely
applied to a metal base unless otherwise stated are not considered
to result in a reaction and are thus proper for Class 427. Nonmetals,
e.g., C, B, Si, P, etc., applied to a metal substrate are considered
to result in a chemical reaction unless otherwise stated are proper
for Class 148. |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclass for a coated metal product formed
by a process of this subclass, and in particular,
subclasses 472.1 , 472.2 and 473.3. |
| 445, | Electrical Lamp or Space Discharge Component or
Device Manufacturing,
subclasses 9+ for creating a deposition layer within a space
discharge device by reaction with a gaseous material or aerosol
and subclass 14 for coating on a particular base material part or
place. |
| 510, | Cleaning Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary
Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclasses 245+ for compositions for cleaning a metal substrate
and wherein the disclosure is silent as to a subsequent chemical reaction
with a reactive coating composition and which may react with a metal
surface. |
| 520, | Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, appropriate subclass for a coating composition containing
a synthetic resin or natural rubber and which composition does not
react with a metal substrate to form a coating thereon and wherein
the metal substrate does not supply an ingredient of the formed
coating. |
|
| | |
| 241 | Testing or electrical or wave energy utilized: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a test, or electrical or wave energy
is involved.
| | (1)
Note. For purposes of this subclass the test or the use of
electrical or wave energy need not be part of the actual coating
process. It is sufficient if any part of the claim involves a test,
or involves electrical or wave energy. | |
| | |
| 243 | Liquid reactive coating composition utilized: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a material which is in liquid form
contacts a metal substrate and reacts at the surface therewith to
form a layer on the substrate which is distinct from the substrate.
| | (1)
Note. The material need not be liquid at ambient conditions,
it must, however, be liquid under the conditions of use, e.g., molten,
etc. |
| | (2)
Note. A liquid for purposes of the subclass can contain solid
materials, e.g., suspensions, slurries, dispersions, etc. The material
must, however, have a continuous phase that allows it to flow readily
and assume the form of its container. |
| | (3)
Note. A solid reactant material which is to be dissolved
in a liquid dispersant is proper for this subclass, additionally,
a concentrate of a material which is to be applied to a metal substrate
upon further dilution or which must be dissolved in a liquid for
application is proper herein. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 242, | wherein a reactive solid material in molten form
is applied to a substrate. |
|
| | |
| 244 | Dye or organic pigment containing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the reactive liquid coating composition
contains an organic colorant, e.g., organic, dye, etc.
| | (1)
Note. The organic colorant can be applied simultaneously
with the reactive coating material or can be the reactive material. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 8, | Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, in particular
subclasses 506+ , for processes of dyeing nontextile materials,
and for processes of dyeing previously modified metal surfaces wherein
the surface has been modified so as to be no longer in a free metal
or alloyed state, and no claim exists as to the metal modification
step. |
|
| | |
| 245 | Electrically insulating coating formed which is more than
mere oxide formation: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the reaction product of the metal
substrate and the reactive material is claimed or disclosed as being
electrically insulating and is more than the formation of an oxide,
per se.
| | (1)
Note. Processes wherein a material reacts with a metal substrate
to provide a nonoxide coating are proper for this subclass. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 284+, | for the formation of an oxide disclosed or claimed
as being electrically insulating. |
|
| | |
| 246 | Contains lubricant or oil or overcoat thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the coating composition contains
an oil, or a material disclosed or claimed as a lubricant wherein
the reacted product"s surface is overcoated with an oil
or a material disclosed or claimed as a lubricant.
| | (1)
Note. In a reactive coating composition containing an oil
or lubricant material it is possible for the oil or lubricant to
be reactive with the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 248 | Contains nonreactive organic liquid at ambient temperature
(e.g., solvent, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
contains a nonreactive organic material which is normally liquid
at ambient temperature (e.g., solvents, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 259, | for a liquid organic material at ambient temperature
which is disclosed as being a reactant with the metal substrate,
and for solid organic materials at ambient temperature which may
or may not react with the metal substrate. |
|
| | |
| 249 | Nonreactive halogenated hydrocarbon: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter wherein the nonreactive liquid contains only
atoms of carbon, hydrogen and halogen or atoms of halogen and carbon.
| | (1)
Note. Halogen for purposes of this subclass is limited to
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine. | |
| | |
| 250 | Contains organic phosphorus or organic chromium compound: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
contains at least one atom of phosphorus or chromium as part of
an organic compound and which organic compound may or may not be
chemically reactive with the metal substrate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 258+, | for a liquid reactive coating composition containing
elemental chromium or an inorganic chromium compound. |
|
| | |
| 251 | Contains solid synthetic polymer: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
contains a solid synthetic polymer which may or may not be chemically reactive
with the metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. See Class 520 for a definition of the term "solid
synthetic polymer". | |
| | |
| 252 | Contains dicarboxylic acid or salt thereof which reacts
with metal substrate: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
contains a dicarboxylic acid compound or salt thereof which must
be chemically reactive with the metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. A dicarboxylic acid compound for purposes of this subclass
requires the presence of two carboxylic acid groups.
| |
A. A carboxylic acid denotes:
| |
(A1) The C- C -OH structure wherein n is one or greater
and the C- atom is not double bonded to oxygen, sulfur, selenium,
or tellurium, or is not triple bonded to nitrogen. |
| |
(A2) The -C- C- C-OH structure wherein n is an integer,
e.g., oxalic acid when n=1 | |
| |
B. The salt of a carboxylic acid denotes the structure:
| |
(B1) C- C -O-X wherein n is one or more and the (C-C-O-)
group and the X component are held together primarily by ionic forces;
the carbon atom bonded to the -C- group is not double bonded to oxygen,
sulfur, or tellurium, or triple bonded to nitrogen. |
| |
(B2) The structure Z- C -C-O-X wherein n is an integer,
Z is -C-OH or a derivative as defined in the (1) Note of this subclass
and wherein the X component and the (Z- C -O-) component are held
together primarily by ionic forces. | | | |
| | |
| 253 | Contains phosphorus: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
containing elemental phosphorus or an inorganic phosphorus compound is
applied to a metal substrate and reacts therewith.
| | (1)
Note. In most instances the phosphorus material reacts with
the metal substrate. This is not a necessary criteria for classification
in this area. It is possible that a composition containing a phosphorus atom
will react with the metal wherein the phosphorus atom itself does
not react. In subclasses 254, 256 and 257 the phosphorus must react. | |
| | |
| 254 | Liquid composition applied prior to reaction of metal substrate
with phosphorus (e.g., cleaning, activating, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein a liquid composition is applied to
the metal substrate prior to the application of the liquid reactive
composition containing a phosphorus atom in either an elemental
or compound form which is reactive with the metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass takes liquid preparatory treatments of
the metal substrate prior to reaction with the metal substrate.
In certain instances, however, the step prior to reaction with
phosphorus can involve an additional reaction with the substrate. |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the preliminary step of applying a material to the substrate
prior to reaction is claimed and no claim provides for the subsequent
reaction with phosphorus. | |
| | |
| 255 | With additional coating composition containing an atom
of chromium, phosphorus or sulfur: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein the process involves two or more
coating steps, at least one step involves a coating composition
containing a phosphorus atom, and at least one of the two or more
coating steps requires a composition containing chromium or sulfur
or an additional phosphorus atom.
| | (1)
Note. The requirement for this subclass is met as long as
one of the coating steps involves a liquid coating composition containing
phosphorus. |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the step of utilizing a coating composition containing phosphorus,
chromium, or sulfur is claimed and no claim specifically provides
for a preliminary coating process of using a coating composition containing
at least one phosphorus atom. (It must be disclosed as a preliminary treatment
of the substrate.) | |
| | |
| 256 | Specified liquid or gaseous coating composition applied
after reaction with phosphorus: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein a specified liquid or gaseous coating
composition is applied subsequent to the process of coating the
metal substrate with a liquid coating composition containing a reactive
phosphorus atom in either elemental or compound form.
| | (1)
Note. Specified for purpose of this subclass requires that
at least one chemical atom of the coating material be identified
in the claims. The term "organic" is not sufficient
to be considered as being specified. |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the actual step of chemically modifying a base substrate
with a phosphorus containing reactant is not claimed and the claim
itself is to the treating of a base which has already been reacted
with a phosphorus material. | |
| | |
| 259 | Contains organic additive other than for pH control: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein the liquid reactive coating composition
contains at least one phosphorus atom and at least one organic compound and
which organic compound is more than merely an agent for controlling
the acidity or basicity of the coating composition.
| | (1)
Note. The organic compound may or may not be a reactant with
the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 262 | Contains an atom of iron or manganese or a group II metal
atom (Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Hg): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the metal atom is iron or manganese
or a group II metal atom (i.e., Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Zn, Cd,
Hg). |
| | |
| 264 | Contains an atom of chromium: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a reactive liquid composition containing
elemental chromium or inorganic chromium compound is applied to
a metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. The chromium in elemental form or as part of an inorganic
compound may or may not be reactive with the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 265 | Post chromium treatment with specified material (other
than mere air drying): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 264. Subject matter wherein the process includes a treatment
with a specified composition subsequent to the treatment with the
chromium containing composition and wherein said specified composition
involves more than air, per se.
| | (1)
Note. Specified, for purposes of this subclass, requires
at least one chemical atom of the material to be identified in the
claims. The term "organic" is not sufficient
to be considered as "specified". |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the actual step of chemically modifying the substrate with
a chromium containing composition is not claimed and the claim is
to the treating of a base which has already been reacted with a
composition containing chromium. | |
| | |
| 269 | Metal substrate contains elemental Ti, Zr, Hf, Cu, Ta,
or Th or alloy thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a liquid composition is applied to
a metal substrate containing at least one elemental or alloyed form
of Ti, Zr, Hf, Cu, Ta or Th and reacts therewith.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for a metal substrate containing
any of the above elements regardless of the amounts of those elements
therein. |
| | (2)
Note. The particular elements enumerated above need not be
involved in the reaction process. It is sufficient for purposes
of the subclass if the particular element is present in the substrate. | |
| | |
| 270 | Contains an atom of sulfur, selenium or tellurium: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a reactive liquid composition containing
an atom of sulfur, selenium or tellurium is applied to a metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. The sulfur, selenium or tellurium, required for this
subclass may or may not be reactive with the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 272 | Coating or treating a metal oxide with a specified composition: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the process includes a subsequent
treatment of a disclosed or claimed metal oxide layer with a specified
composition.
| | (1)
Note. Specified for purposes of this subclass requires that
at least one chemical atom of the composition be identified in the
claims. |
| | (2)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and composition
wherein the actual step of producing the metal oxide is not claimed
and the claim itself is to treating the metal oxide disclosed as formed
by a process proper under subclass 243 with a "specified" composition. | |
| | |
| 273 | Contains an atom of arsenic or metal atom other than alkali
metal: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a reactive liquid composition containing
an atom of arsenic or a metal atom other than an alkali metal is
applied to a metal substrate and reacts therewith.
| | (1)
Note. The arsenic or metal atom other than alkali metal required
for this subclass may or may not be reactive with the metal substrate. |
| | (2)
Note. Excluded herefrom as being alkali metals are Li, Na,
K, Ru, Cs, and Fr. | |
| | |
| 274 | Contains organic material: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a reactive liquid composition containing
an organic compound is applied to a metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. The organic compound required for this subclass may
or may not be reactive with the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 275 | Metal substrate contains elemental aluminum or magnesium
or alloy thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein a reactive liquid composition is
applied to a metal substrate containing at least one elemental or
alloyed form of aluminum or magnesium.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for a metal substrate containing
any of the above elements regardless of the amounts of those elements
therein. |
| | (2)
Note. The particular elements enumerated above need not be
involved in the reaction process. It is sufficient for purposes
of this subclass if the particular element is present in the metal
substrate. | |
| | |
| 276 | Coating during or after metal oxide formation: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a reactive composition is applied
to a metal substrate and reacts at the surface to form an oxide
layer and wherein concurrent with or subsequent to said oxide formation
an additional coating process is involved.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the initial step of forming the metal oxide is not claimed
(it must be disclosed as formed by a process proper under subclass
240) and the claim itself is to the other coating steps required
for this subclass and compositions therefore. | |
| | |
| 277 | Metal oxide formed after applied coating: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a reactive material is applied to
the surface of a modified substrate and a reaction is caused thereby
to convert the previously formed surface into an oxide layer.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for processes and compositions
wherein the initial step of treating the elemental metal or alloy
containing substrate with a chemical reactant is not claimed (it
must be disclosed as a process proper for subclass 240 and the claim
is to the treating step of forming the metal oxide and to compositions
therefore. | |
| | |
| 278 | Carbide formation, decarburization or carbonizing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a carbide is formed, decarburizing
occurs, or a carburizing reaction is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206, | through 238, for carburizing, nitriding, or both
(e.g., carbonitriding) using an external source of carbon or nitrogen.
| | (1)
Note. Thus, for this subclass the carbide formation or carbonizing requires
an external noncarbon or nonnitrogen containing external reactant
and the source of the carbon is the substrate. Metallization of
high carbon content alloy substrate by vapor deposition of a metal
without diffusion of carbon to form a carbide containing coating
thereon is an example of the type reactive coating provided in this
subclass. | |
|
| | |
| 280 | Reactive material applied nonuniformly or reacted selectively: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein the reaction with the metal substrate
is of a nonuniform nature.
| | (1)
Note. Included herein, but not limited thereto, are metal
treatments utilizing a mask to shield a portion of the metal surface
and to expose a portion of the surface to be treated or chemical
treatments involving a single side of a sheet material. | |
| | |
| 281 | Metal substrate contains elemental Ti, Zr, Nb, Ag, Ta or
W or alloy thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein the metal substrate contains elemental
or an alloyed form of titanium, zirconium, niobium, silver, tantalum
or tungsten.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for a metal substrate containing
any of the above elements regardless of the amount of those elements
therein. |
| | (2)
Note. The particular elements enumerated above need not be
involved in the reaction process. It is sufficient for purposes
of this subclass if the particular element is present in the substrate. | |
| | |
| 282 | Metal substrate contains elemental copper or alloy thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein the metal substrate contains elemental
copper or an alloy thereof.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for a copper containing substrate
regardless of the amount of copper. |
| | (2)
Note. The copper need not be involved in the reaction process.
It is sufficient if copper is merely present in the metal substrate. | |
| | |
| 285 | Oxide of aluminum, beryllium or magnesium formed: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter wherein an oxide layer of aluminum, beryllium
or magnesium is formed on an aluminum, beryllium or magnesium containing
substrate.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for oxide formation, regardless
of the degree of oxide formation or the amount of aluminum, beryllium,
or magnesium in the metal containing substrate. | |
| | |
| 286 | Oxide of cobalt, chromium or nickel formed: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter wherein an oxide layer of chromium, cobalt,
or nickel is formed on a chromium, cobalt or nickel containing substrate.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for oxide formation, regardless
of the degree of oxide formation, or the amount of chromium, cobalt,
or nickel in the metal containing substrate. | |
| | |
| 287 | Oxide of iron formed: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter wherein an oxide layer of iron is formed
on an iron containing substrate.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass provides for iron oxide formation regardless
of the degree of oxide formation or the amount of iron in the metal
containing substrate. | |
| | |
| 300 | Magnetic: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material for magnetic material which is claimed as
resulting from a Class 148 treatment, as having an internal structure
which resulted from a Class 148 treatment, which is claimed in terms
of a specified magnetic property, e.g., coercive force, etc., or
for coated magnetic material wherein the coating is followed by
a Class 148 treatment.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 100+, | for processes of developing, improving, modifying
or preserving the magnetic properties of metallic material by a
Class 148 process. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 252, | Compositions,
subclasses 62.51+ for magnetic compositions which do not contain
a continuous phase of metal. The recitation that metallic particles are
present in a nonmetallic (e.g., resinous) vehicle, matrix or binder
will be taken as meaning that no continuous phase of metal is present. |
| 420, | Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for alloys or metallic compositions
defined only as "magnetic", "magnetized" or "permanent
magnet", material even though disclosed as resulting from
a Class 148 treatment as well as alloys or metallic compositions
claimed, per se, which are inherently magnetic. |
| 427, | Coating Processes,
subclasses 127+ for coating processes, per se, wherein the base
or coating are magnetic and wherein there is no separate step of modifying
or maintaining the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties of the metal. |
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 692.1 and 693.1 for stock materials having a defined
magnetic layer and subclasses 800-848.9 for magnetic recording
component or stock. |
|
| | |
| 304 | Amorphous: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Stock material which has no regular crystal structure but
rather has a series of noncrystalline areas much like a glass.
| | (1)
Note. The recitation that a material is "glassy" will
be taken as an indication of amorphous structure. |
| | (2)
Note. Amorphous Structure is usually created by cooling certain
alloys at extremely high rates of speed such that the alloy can
be cooled before having a chance to crystallize. | |
| | |
| 305 | With inclusion: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 304. Amorphous stock material which internal structure interspersed
within an amorphous matrix.
| | (1)
Note. These inclusions may be formed within the amorphous
matrix or caused to form by later treatment, e.g., precipitate,
etc. | |
| | |
| 308 | Specific crystallos:graphic orientations: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 307. Stock material wherein the material is defined as having
its crystals oriented in a particular manner, e.g., by Miller indices, "cube
on edge" etc.
| | (1)
Note. A specification of random orientation is excluded and
placed in subclasses 307 or 309. | |
| | |
| 316 | Carburized or nitrided: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material wherein the surface of the material contains
additional carbon or nitrogen diffused therein.
| | (1)
Note. So called "case hardened" material
is presumed to have carbon only diffused into the surface unless
indicated to the contrary. | |
| | |
| 317 | Nitrided: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Stock material wherein the surface of the material contains
additional nitrogen diffused therein.
| | (1)
Note. This and the indented subclass contain patents to so
called "carbonitrided" material wherein both carbon
and nitrogen have been diffused into the surface. | |
| | |
| 321 | 1.7 Percent or more carbon containing (e.g., cast iron): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 320. Stock material which additionally contains 1.7 percent or
more carbon.
| | (1)
Note. Most so called "cast iron" contains
over 1.7 percent carbon. A patent claiming "cast iron" will
be placed in this or indented subclasses in the absence of a specific
disclosure that the carbon content is less than 1.7 percent. | |
| | |
| 322 | Malleabilized: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Stock material which is chill cast iron (see subclass 323
for definition) which has been subsequently heat treated to allow
the combined carbon of the white chill cast iron to substantially
precipitate as fine globules of graphite in a matrix of iron of
much lower carbon contact (usually in the range of .4 to .6 percent).
| | (1)
Note. The terms "malleabilized" or "malleable
iron" will be taken as meaning a patent is proper for this
subclass in the absence of disclosure that the carbon content is
less than 1.7 percent or the disclosure that the heat treatment
of white cast iron is not intended. | |
| | |
| 323 | Chill cast: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Stock material which has been cast in such a manner that
substantially all the carbon in the iron is combined with the iron
rather than allowed to precipitate out as inclusions of free graphite
carbon.
| | (1)
Note. The presence of combined carbon and absence of free
graphite causes the chill cast iron to have a white rather than a
grey appearance when fractured. The recitation that a cast iron
is "white" will be taken to mean that it has been
chill cast. So called "mottled iron" which contains
areas of white iron mixed with grey iron will also be classified
hereunder. | |
| | |
| 325 | Nine percent or more chromium containing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 320. Stock material which additionally contains 9 percent of
more chromium.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass contains most so called stainless steels.
The recitation that a stock material is "stainless steel" will
cause it to be placed in this or indented subclasses unless it is
clear that the material does not contain 9 percent or more chromium. | |
| | |
| 326 | Age or precipitation hardened or strengthened: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Stock material which has been first heated to a relatively
high temperature to cause ingredients thereof to dissolve to form
a solid solution and then aged, or heated to a lower temperature
for an extended period of time whereby phases are precipitated which
increase the hardness, or strength of the material.
| | (1)
Note. Often after the first high temperature heating "solution
treatment" the material is quenched to room temperature
before being heated to age or precipitate. |
| | (2)
Note. The aging, or precipitation may take place at room
temperature for some material, but there must be a positive recitation
of "aging", or "precipitation", or
words to that effect in the claims to place a material here. |
| | (3)
Note. "Solution" treated material which has
not been positively claimed as given an aging, or precipitation
treatment is excluded herefrom and placed in subclasses 325 or 327
as appropriate. | |
| | |
| 328 | Age or precipitation hardened or strengthened: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 320. Stock material which has been first heated to a relatively
high temperature to cause ingredients thereof to dissolve to form
a solid solution and then aged, or heated to a lower temperature
for an extended period of time whereby phases are precipitated which
increase the hardness, or strength of the material.
| | (1)
Note. Often after the first high temperature heating "solution
treatment" the material is quenched room temperature before
being heated to age, or precipitate. |
| | (2)
Note. The aging, or precipitation may take place at room
temperature for some material, but there must be a positive recitation
of "aging", or "precipitation", or
words to that effect in the claims to place a material here. |
| | (3)
Note. "Solution" treated material which has
not been positively claimed as given an aging, or precipitation
treatment is excluded herefrom and placed in appropriate subclasses
below. | |
| | |
| 400 | STOCK: |
| | Elemental metal, alloys or metallic compositions which (a)
are the product of a process or this class (148) e.g., heat treated,
age hardened etc., (b) are claimed in terms of specific magnetic
properties, (c) are amorphous, (d) possess the property of shape
memory, (e) are the product of significant Class 164, Metal Founding, step,
e.g., chill cast, directionally solidified etc., or (f) are the
product of the dispersion of particulate matter in molten metal
which particulate matter retains its identity in the final product,
e.g., dispersion strengthened.
| | (1)
Note. An alloy or metallic composition defined solely in
terms of its elemental constituents is classified in Class 420, Alloys
or Metallic Compositions, whether or not such a claim includes a recitation
of physical or chemical properties such as noncorrosiveness, hardness
or ductility which are inherent in the alloy or metallic composition. |
| | (2)
Note. As to (a) of this subclass definition the recitation
of chemical or physical properties which are the result of a Class
148 process of treatment is proper for this or indented subclasses.
As to (e) of this subclass definition a significant Class 164 step
is one in which there is a particular Class 164 manipulation intended
to control the internal structure of the product. The recitations "chill cast" and "directionally
solidified" are considered to be significant Class 164 manipulations.
As to (f) of this subclass definition there must be a clear disclosure
that the particles remain as such in the product for placement hereunder. Cases
of doubt will be resolved by placement in Class 420. |
| | (3)
Note. The order of superiority among various alloy, metallic
composition and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving
them is as follows:
| |
1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes. |
| |
2. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated
metal powder composition. |
| |
3. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, claimed as
products. |
| |
4. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 2 through 30 in
class schedule order, providing for methods of treatment of solid
metal. |
| |
5. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 400+, stock. |
| |
6. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of
making including melting. |
| |
7. Class 164, Metal Founding. |
| |
This list is not complete but may be added to as the proper
relationship of other areas is determined. For a more comprehensive
discussion of other metallurgical areas and the relationship among
them see the definition, of Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions. | |
| | (4)
Note. In general, no cross-references have been placed in
this, or indented subclasses based on disclosure from Class 420,
Alloys or Metallic Compositions. Thus a search for unclaimed disclosure
of stock for this and indented subclasses should be made in the
appropriate subclasses of Class 420 based on the composition of
the material. The only exception of this rule is subclasses 402
to 404 of this class which serve as digests for their subject matter
disclosed in Class 420 original patents. Also, in general no cross-references
have been placed in Class 420 from this and indented subclasses
based on disclosure of the composition of the stock in this and
indented subclasses. The only exception to this rule is the cross-reference
are collections of Class 420, subclasses 901 to 903 which also serve
as a collection point for pertinent disclosure from this and indented
subclasses. |
| | (5)
Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 411.1+ and 615+ for nonmetallic and metallic
composites, respectively, defined in terms of the composition of
their components, and the main Class Definition of the class (428),
sections VI, B, VI, C4 and VI, C6, for the distinction between stock materials
for that class (428) and a "stock" classified
herein. |
|
| | |
| 401 | Radioactive: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material which is claimed as being radioactive, containing
an isotope of an element which is radioactive, or containing an
element of which all the known isotopes are radioactive.
| | (1)
Note. The elements of which all known isotopes are radioactive
are technetium, promethium, and all the elements of atomic number
84 and higher. | |
| | |
| 402 | Mechanical memory: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material which when shaped at a first temperature,
and reshaped at a different temperature resumes its first shape
when returned to the first temperature, or at some intermediate temperature.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass is placed in this class since this "memory" of
the first shape is believed to occur due to changes of crystal form
at different temperatures. However, all metallic stock possessing
mechanical memory is placed hereunder no matter what the disclosed theory
may be. | |
| | |
| 403 | Amorphous, i.e., glassy: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material which has no regular crystal structure, but
rather has a series of noncrystalline areas much like a glass.
| | (1)
Note. This structure usually is created by cooling certain
alloys at extremely high rates of speed, such that the alloy can
be solidified and cooled before having a chance to crystallize. | |
| | |
| 404 | Directionally solidified: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material in which solidification of the alloy, or
metallic composition has been carried out along one plane only,
usually resulting in a "columnar" crystalline
structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 428, | Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclass 611 for metallic stock material with preformed fibers
which have an orientation coordinate with the shape of the body. |
|
| | |
| 405 | Age or precipitation hardened or strengthened: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material which has been first heated to a relatively
high temperature to cause ingredients thereof to dissolve to form
a solid solution and then aged, or heated to a lower temperature
for an extended period of time whereby phases are precipitated which
increase the hardness, or strength, of the material.
| | (1)
Note. Often after the first high temperature heating "solution
treatment" the material is quenched to room temperature
before being heated to age, or precipitate. |
| | (2)
Note. The aging, or precipitation may take place at room
temperature for some material, but there must be a positive recitation
of "aging", or "precipitation", or
words to that effect in the claims to place a material here. |
| | (3)
Note. "Solution" treated material which has
not been positively claimed as given an aging, or precipitation
treatment is excluded herefrom and placed in appropriate subclasses
below. | |
| | |
| 407 | Refractory metal base: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 405. Stock material which contains over 50 percent by weight
of a single metal selected from titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium,
niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, or tungsten. |
| | |
| 430 | Noble metal base: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Stock material which contains over 50 percent by weight
of a single metal selected from ruthenium, rhodium, paladium, osmium,
iridium, platinum, gold, or silver. |
| | |
| 431 | Silver base containing in situ formed oxides: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Stock material which contains over 50 percent of silver
by weight and additionally contains metal oxides formed in the silver
containing the material by chemical reaction.
| | (1)
Note. The oxide may be formed, e.g., by reaction of a metal
oxide with another to produce a different metal oxide, e.g., AgO + Cd
--- CdO + Ag, or by reaction of silver base alloy with
elemental oxygen to oxidize part of the alloy, etc. | |
| | |
| 434 | Zinc: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Stock material which additionally contains zinc. |
| | |
| 503 | Utilizing therein symbol for temperature: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Process which utilizes, in a mathematical formula or relationship
therein, a symbol to represent temperature other than abbreviations representing
the temperature scale (e.g., C for centigrade, etc.).
| | (1)
Note. Utilization of a temperature or temperature range, per
se, is not proper hereinunder unless the temperature or temperature
range is part of the mathematical formula or relationship. | |
| | |
| 505 | Utilizing therein factors or percentages related to metal
or metal alloy composition (i.e., including carbon content): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Process wherein a mathematical formula or relationship utilizes
factors or percentages related to a metal or alloy composition including
all materials whether metal or not (e.g., carbon content).
| | (1)
Note. For this subclass, the mere use of percentages or moles
utilized to define a metal or metal alloy composition is not sufficient
by itself for placement herein. An actual mathematical formula
or relationship must be present which includes as a part thereof
factors or percentages related to the composition. | |
| | |
| 508 | With measuring, testing, or sensing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process which includes a step involving measuring, testing,
or sensing of a reaction condition.
| | (1)
Note. The adjustment of a condition to a specified level
(e.g., temperature) is not proper hereinunder unless there is an actual
recitation in the claim of measuring, testing or sensing. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 73, | Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for processes of measuring or
testing, per se. |
| 324, | Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for processes of determining
electrical properties by electrical means, per se, even though nonelectrical
values are derived from the electrical values determined. |
| 356, | Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for processes which utilize
visible light to measure optical properties, per se, or for processes
of testing visible light for optical properties and which utilize visible
light to test for nonoptical properties, per se, when not elsewhere provided. |
| 374, | Thermal Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for thermal testing, per
se, or the combination of thermal testing and nonthermal testing,
per se. |
|
| | |
| 509 | Magnetic or electrical property: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Process wherein a magnetic or electrical property is measured,
tested, or sensed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 100+, | for processes which include the intent of developing,
modifying or preserving the magnetic properties, per se, of a free
metal or alloy.
| | (1)
Note. In many cases of metal treatment, magnetic properties
are inherently changed. The mere use of magnetic property changes
to determine other microstructural changes or to follow the course
of the process is proper hereinunder unless the emphasis and intent
is consistent with subclasses 100+. If there is any doubt
as to intent, hierarchy prevails and a cross-reference to other
parts of this class is advisable. | |
|
| | |
| 511 | Temperature: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Process wherein there is an actual step of measuring, sensing,
or testing of temperature. |
| | |
| 512 | Surface melting (e.g., melt alloying etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein only a surface of the solid or semisolid
metal is melted during the process.
| | (1)
Note. Alloying a melted metal
surface by application of nonreactive alloying ingredients (e.g.,
other free metals, etc.) which diffuse into the melted metal to form
an alloyed (i.e., not chemically reactive coating) surface composition including
the ingredients of the melted metal surface and the infused ingredients is
one of the species acceptable hereinunder. |
| | (2)
Note. Some other species of surface melting involve purposes
of hardening or relieving stress. |
| | (3)
Note. Surface melting, per se, utilizing a heat source for
purposes of sealing or reflowing the metal to close pores or remove
cracks goes to the appropriate heating class. If homogenizing,
alloying, or other modifying of metal microstructure (e.g., rehardening,
diffusing, etc.) is present, this subclass is proper. |
| | (4)
Note. There is no intent to take casting or melt coating,
per se, into this subclass which relates only to melting of a solid metal
substrate surface. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206+, | for processes of carburizing or nitridizing a metal
substrate from an external source of carbon or nitrogen. |
| 240+, | for processes of reactive coating a metal substrate
an externally supplied reactive ingredient as defined thereunder. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, particularly
subclass 10.11 for processes of zone melting or fractional crystallization
wherein solid metal is traversed by a melt zone causing migration
of the impurities within the metal resulting in purification of
the metal or for processes of refinining (e.g., smelting) molten metal
zones by selective crystallization and separation of the crystallization
phase from the melt to effect purification (i.e., fractional crystallization)
thereof. |
| 228, | Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for processes of welding
or joining of metal preforms by fusion bonding wherein there may
be surface melting.
| | (1)
Note. The combination of metal fusion bonding, as in Class
228 with processes acceptable under the Class 148 definition, is
proper for Class 148. However, this subclass specifically is excluding
metal fusion bonding of the type found in Class 228. See particularly
subclasses 516+ hereinunder for the combination of metal fusion
bonding with processes acceptable under the Class 148 definition. | |
| 427, | Coating Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes including applying
a melted metal coating, per se, to a solid metal substrate.
| | (1)
Note. The distinction for Class 427 is that the total composition
of the applied coating comes from an external source as opposed
to any portion thereof, except for the interface therewith, coming
from the metal substrate to which the coating is applied. Also,
in Class 148 coating, the metal substrate is not in
a molten condition when the coating is applied. However, if a melted metal substrate has a nonreactive
coating or alloying material applied to it, placement is proper
in this subclass if the resultant coating includes ingredients of
the melted substrate and infused alloying ingredient. Moreover,
if coating of a solid substrate by
a Class 427 operation is involved in a combined process, melting
of the metal coating surface occurring during a melting step separate
from the coating operation must also include melting of the substrate
to be proper in this subclass of Class 148. | |
|
| | |
| 513 | Treating loose metal powder, particle or flake: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein (1) loose metal or metal alloy powder, particle
or flake in a solid or semisolid state is cooled or heat treated
to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties and not elsewhere provided or (2) solid or
semisolid metal or metal alloy is cooled or heat treated to modify
or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties and loose metal powder, particle or flake
is produced therefrom (e.g., comminuting).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses for processes of producing
or purifying loose metal or metal alloy powder or for loose metal
powder compositions.
| | (1)
Note. Class 75 takes purification of metal powder compositions
that involve washing or cleaning operations and includes utilization
of a vacuum, per se, therefor. However, Class 148 takes heat-treatment
of solid or semi-solid metal powder involving chemical or physio-chemical
operations to alter the metal composition (e.g., decarburizing,
dehydrogenating, denitridizing, etc.). | |
| 502, | Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making, particularly
subclasses 300+ for process of making metal catalysts. The line
to other classes are expressed in Class 502. |
|
| | |
| 514 | Treating consolidated metal powder, per se (i.e., no sintering
or compacting step present): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy powder in a preconsolidated
state is treated and there is no sintering or no consolidating step
present.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 75, | Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 228+ for consolidated metal powder compositions. |
| 419, | Powder Metallurgy Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes of consolidating
metal powder compositions having a sintering or compacting step
therein and which may additionally have post-consolidating treatment
therein.
| | (1)
Note. If a sintering or compacting step is present, placement
goes to Class 419 even if there is a subsequent treatment controlling
the microstructure or chemical properties. However, if in the recited process
the starting material is preconsolidated and no further sintering
or consolidating is included, Class 148 will control. | |
|
| | |
| 515 | With explosive or exothermic agent: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein an explosive or exothermic chemical agent
is utilized to treat a metal article or stock.
| | (1)
Note. Since the use of an explosive agent may be considered
to involve working, the metal working classes provide for the use
of an explosive agent. It is emphasized here that the line between Class
148 and the metal working classes requires that there be a separate
step from the explosion in which there is a change in the internal
physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties
or that the explosive force changes the microstructure without deforming
of the metal to be placed in this subclass. |
| | (2)
Note. The use of the exothermic agent must be to produce
heat for modifying or maintaining the internal physical structure
or chemical properties of the metal which is in a separate step
from the step of bonding by fusing or welding which is provided
for in the mechanical treating classes. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working,
subclass 421.2 for a process using an explosive agent to shape
metal. |
|
| | |
| 516 | Producing or treating layered, bonded, welded, or mechanically
engaged article or stock as a final product: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein a layered, bonded, welded, or mechanically
engaged (e.g., inserts, etc.) article or stock having at least one
layer or integral portion thereof made of metal or metal alloy is the
product of a process consistent with the class definition.
| | (1)
Note. To remain in this subclass, it makes no difference
whether layered, bonded, welded, or mechanically engaged article
or mechanically engaged stock is the starting material of the process.
It is however essential that the final product of the process be
layered, bonded, welded, or mechanically engaged. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 538+, | particularly subclasses 582, 591, 596, 606, 615,
625, 703, or 708, if the layer is a treating agent (e.g., protective annealing
shield such as CaO, CaCO3, etc.) which is intended as a temporary
layer but not part of the final product. |
|
| | |
| 517 | Subambient temperature: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process wherein any metal portion of the article or stock
undergoing treatment is actually cooled to a temperature identified
as either below ambient temperature or below 20°C to control
the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical
properties thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 577, | for processes of treating nonlayered metal or metal
alloy at subambient temperature. |
|
| | |
| 518 | With electrocoating (e.g., electroplating, anodizing, sputtering,
etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process which includes a step of electrocoating (e.g., electroplating,
anodizing, etc.) by application of an externally supplied electrical
current or by sputtering.
| | (1)
Note. If during a post-treatment operation the substrate
becomes subjected to a Class 148 treatment that goes beyond the mere
interdiffusion at the interface to perfect the coating, placement
goes in this subclass whether or not the coating layer is involved.
However, an electrocoating step must be present for this subclass. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 205, | Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for processes involving electrocoating
of metal substrates and which include Class 148 operations as herein
defined which are preparatory to the electrocoating or are posttreatment
operations limited to the coating layer or involving diffusion affecting
only the interface. Electrorefining is not considered to be electrocoating
in Class 205 or for this subclass in Class 148. |
|
| | |
| 520 | With induction heating: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 519. Process which includes a step of heating the metal workpiece
by utilizing a magnetic field to induce a flow of electrons in the
workpiece that results in production of heat.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for induction heating, per se, of
a metal or for working and induction heating of metal which does
not meet the criteria for significant heating as described under
the notes in
subclass 95 of Class 148. |
|
| | |
| 521 | With metal fusion bonding: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 519. Process which includes a step of metal fusion bonding of
metal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for processes of fusion bonding
of metal, per se, by electric heating without a separate step involving
significant heat treatment as defined in the notes under
subclass 95 of Class 148. |
| 228, | Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for processes of welding metal,
per se, without a separate step involving significant heat treatment
as defined in the notes under
subclass 95 of Class 148. |
|
| | |
| 522 | With casting or solidifying from melt: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy, article or stock
is subjected to a casting operation or a total metal mass (i.e.,
not just a portion or coating) is solidified from a melted state.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 538, | for casting or solidifying from a melted state nonlayered,
bonded, welded or mechanically engaged stock or article. See the
notes thereunder for locations of related classes. |
|
| | |
| 524 | With metal fusion bonding step utilizing electron arc or
beam: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process which utilizes an electron arc or beam for fusion
bonding metal to metal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for processes of metal fusion bonding
which use an electron arc or beam, per se, without a separate significant
heating step as defined in the notes of
subclass 95 of Class 148. |
|
| | |
| 525 | Utilizing wave energy (e.g., laser, electromagnetic wave
energy, etc.) plasma or electron arc or beam: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process which utilizes wave energy (e.g., laser, electromagnetic
wave energy, etc.), plasma or an electron arc or beam for (1) modifying
or maintaining the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure)
or chemical properties of metal or a metal alloy or (2) in a combined
process that includes a step of modifying or maintaining the internal
physical structure or chemical properties of metal or a metal alloy,
the use of electromagnetic wave energy, plasma, electron arc or
beam for any purpose.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 565, | for processes of treating nonlayered metal with
electromagnetic wave energy or electron arc or beam. |
|
| | |
| 538 | With casting or solidifying from melt: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process which includes a step of casting metal or solidifying
a total metal mass (i.e., not just a portion or coating) from a
melted condition.
| | (1)
Note. Class 148 will take all processes of casting and significant
heating with working or casting and heating wherein a change in
microstructure occurs during a post-casting operation. In Class
148, both electrical and nonelectrical heating is acceptable. See
the notes under the Class 148 definition to determine what constitutes
significant heating for distinguishing over the other metal working and
heating classes. |
| | (2)
Note. Treating of a cast or solidified metal starting material
without an actual recitation of the casting or solidifying step
is improper for this subclass and the subclasses indented hereinunder. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 221, | for processes of casting combined with carburizing
or nitriding. |
| 512, | for processes of treating metal by melting only
the surface thereof. |
| 522+, | for processes of producing or treating layered,
bonded, welded or mechanically engaged article or stock as a final
product when combined with a casting operation. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 29, | Metal Working, appropriate subclasses for a process combining casting
and working of metal. |
| 164, | Metal Founding, appropriate subclasses for a process of casting,
per se, of metal. |
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for processes of casting,
per se, or casting and working involving nonsignificant heat treating
using electrical heating. |
|
| | |
| 541 | Continuous casting: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Process wherein the metal being cast is continuously cast
in an endless manner without interruption from the casting apparatus. |
| | |
| 545 | With tempering, ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening),
precipitation hardening or strengthening, or quenching: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 543. Process which includes a step of tempering, ageing, solution
treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening, or quenching as a literally expressed operation. |
| | |
| 548 | With tempering, ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening),
precipitation hardening or strengthening, or quenching: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Process which involves a step of tempering, ageing, solution
treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening, or quenching as a literally expressed operation. |
| | |
| 551 | Continuous casting: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 549. Process wherein the metal being cast is continuously cast
from the casting apparatus in an endless manner without interruption. |
| | |
| 559 | Heating or cooling of solid metal: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Process wherein metal remaining in the solid or semisolid
state (i.e., unmelted) throughout the entire process is subjected
to a heating or cooling operation. |
| | |
| 560 | Actinide or trans-actinide metal or alloy having greater
than 50 percent actinide or trans-actinide metals: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein the metal undergoing treatment is a metal
or metal alloy having greater than 50 percent of actinide or a trans-actinide metal
or greater than 50 percent of a combination of different actinide
and/or trans-actinide metals in the alloy.
| | (1)
Note. The actinide or trans-actinide metals include:
actinium (Ac); thorium (Th); protactinium (Pa); uranium (U); neptunium
(Np); plutonium (Pu); americium (Am); curium (Cm); berkelium (Bk);
californium (Cf); einsteinium (Es); fermium (Fm); mendelevium (Md);
nbelium (No); and lawrencium (Lr). | |
| | |
| 561 | Passing through an amorphous state or treating or producing
an amorphous metal or alloy: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy having no regular
crystalline structure or periodicity (i.e., amorphous) in any amount
is produced or treated by a process under the class definition or
wherein a metal or metal alloy passes through a physical state having
no regular crystalline structure or periodicity during the treatment
of the metal or metal alloy.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 100, | for a process of developing, improving, modifying,
or preserving the magnetic properties of an amorphous metal or metal
alloy. |
| 403, | for stock material which is in an amorphous state. |
|
| | |
| 562 | Treating single crystal: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a single crystal metal or metal alloy is
the material being treated.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 117, | Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined
single-crystal of all types of materials, including metal, alloy,
or intermetallic single-crystal (except those proper for Class 164,
subclass 122.2 ). Class 117 is proper for metal, alloy, or intermetallic
single-crystal growing in any physical state, including solid phase recrystallization.
Class 117 is proper for metal, alloy, or intermetallic single-crystal
growing and such combined with perfecting operations for the growing
step, except that Class 148 provides for single-crystal growing
combined with a subsequent step of heat treatment (which herein includes
controlled cooling) when the purpose of the heat treatment (or controlled
cooling) is to modify the internal physical structure or chemical property
of a metal, alloy, or intermetallic material. When the subsequent heat
treatment (or controlled cooling) merely operates on the single-crystallinity,
such as stress or strain annealing or to remove point defects, the combined
process is proper for Class 117; when the subsequent heat treatment
(or controlled cooling) operates to effect significant metal, alloy,
or intermetallic material heat treatment (or controlled cooling)
purposes, such as solutionizing, homogenizing, or precipitation
hardening, then the combined process is proper for Class 148. Class
117 provides for simultaneous or prior perfecting operations combined
with single-crystal growing. See Class 117 definition, section
C, (4) Note, for discussion of perfecting operations. |
|
| | |
| 563 | Mechanical memory (e.g., shape, heat-recoverable, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy having the ability
when originally shaped at a first temperature and reshaped at a
second temperature to undergo a reversible thermoelastic transition
and resume its original shape when returned to the first temperature
or an intermediate temperature is produced or treated in a process
under the Class 148 definition.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 402, | for stock material exhibiting a mechanical memory
effect. |
|
| | |
| 564 | Superplastic (e.g., dynamic recrystallization, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a metal or metal alloy possessing the characteristic
of not rupturing or "necking down" when extensively
deformed is produced or treated by a process under the class definition
and wherein, if metal working is part of the process, a working
temperature is provided as an indication of significant heating.
| | (1)
Note. The term "superplastic" or "dynamic
recrystallization hot working" is indicative of microstructural
change. However, if a metal working step is present, placement
goes to the metal working classes, unless the operation provides
a working temperature which in combination with said terms will
be sufficient criteria for placement in Class 148. Moreover, a
combination of (1) the metal class working of "superplastic" metal
or metal alloy at a nonspecified temperature and (2) a Class 148
operation goes in Class 148. |
| | (2)
Note. Superplastic deformation (1) is often induced by heating
and working a metal or metal alloy, possessing a very fine grain
structure, resulting in deformation exceeding 100 percent (i.e., based
on elongation) and (2) is associated with phase change or allotropic transformation
during the deformation. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 72, | Metal Deforming, appropriate subclasses for a process of working
a metal undergoing dynamic-recrystallization or plastic deformation,
if no temperature is provided. |
| 420, | Alloys or Metallic Compositions,
subclass 902 for metal alloys exhibiting superplastic behavior. |
|
| | |
| 565 | Utilizing wave energy (e.g., laser, electromagnetic, etc.),
plasma or electron arc or beam: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process which utilizes wave energy (e.g., laser, electromagnetic,
etc.), plasma or electron arc or beam for (1) modifying or maintaining
the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical
properties of metal or metal alloy or (2) in a combined process
including a step of modifying or maintaining the internal physical structure
or chemical properties of a metal or metal alloy, the use of wave
energy, plasma, electron arc, or beam for any purpose.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 512, | for process of using wave energy wherein the surface
of the metal is melted as defined for the purposes thereunder. |
| 525, | for processes of utilizing electromagnetic wave
energy or electron arc or beam to treat layered metal workpieces
or articles. |
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 219, | Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for process of heating metal, per
se, or for process of working metal that utilizes nonsignificant
heating of the metal as set forth hereinabove in the line to the
metal working classes. |
|
| | |
| 566 | Electric heating with work as conductor (e.g., alternating
current, induction, etc.): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein an electric current from an external source
is passed through a metal or metal alloy workpiece or is made to
flow in a metal or metal alloy workpiece through induction to cause
heating thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 526, | for processes of electric heating wherein an electric
current is passed through a layered metal or metal alloy workpiece
or article. |
|
| | |
| 567 | Induction: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 566. Process wherein electricity is caused to pass through the
workpiece by inducing current flow through influence of an external
electrical field
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 509, | for processes of measuring or testing of electrical
or magnetic properties utilizing induction therefor or coincident
with the heating of a metal workpiece for Class 148 purposes. |
| 526, | for processes of inductively heating a layered metal
or metal alloy workpiece or article. |
|
| | |
| 568 | Wire or filament: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 567. Process wherein the metal or metal alloy workpiece undergoing
treatment is a wire or filament. |
| | |
| 571 | Inside only: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 570. Process wherein the hollow workpiece being treated is heated
by induction applied only from the inside thereof. |
| | |
| 575 | Iron (Fe) or iron base alloy: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 574. Process wherein the metal or metal alloy workpiece undergoing
treatment is iron (Fe) or an iron alloy containing greater than
50 percent iron. |
| | |
| 576 | Wire or filament: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 566. Process wherein the metal or metal alloy workpiece undergoing
treatment is a wire or filament. |
| | |
| 577 | Chilling to subambient temperature: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein the metal is subjected to treatment at below
ambient temperature (i.e., below 20°C).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 517, | for processes using subambient temperature to treat
a layered workpiece or article. |
|
| | |
| 582 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | Process under 581 wherein a vacuum or a treating agent (e.g.,
heat exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) specified as an element, compound or composition other
than air or water is utilized to treat the iron or iron alloy. |
| | |
| 583 | Wheel: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 581. Process wherein the metal being treated is a wheel. |
| | |
| 585 | With work handling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 581. Process wherein a metal workpiece is manipulated for positioning
or moving about during any stage of the process. |
| | |
| 586 | Gear: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein the metal undergoing treatment is a part,
which is usually toothed or spiraled and referred to as a gear,
by which motion is transmitted from one portion of machinery to another. |
| | |
| 589 | Ring: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein the metal undergoing treatment is in the
shape of an annular band of limited length (i.e., ring). |
| | |
| 590 | Pipe or tube: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein a hollow elongated cylinder (i.e., pipe
or tube) is the metal undergoing treatment. |
| | |
| 591 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 590. Process wherein a vacuum or treating agent (e.g., heat exchange
agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent,
etc.) specified as an element, compound or composition other than
air or water is utilized to treat the iron or iron alloy. |
| | |
| 594 | With work handling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 590. Process wherein a metal workpiece is manipulated for positioning
or moving about during any stage of the process. |
| | |
| 595 | Wire, rod, or filament: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein the workpiece undergoing treatment is a
wire, rod, or filament.
| | (1)
Note. The diameter of the rod makes no difference to this
subclass. | |
| | |
| 596 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 595. Process wherein a vacuum or a treating agent (e.g., heat
exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) specified as an element, compound, or composition other
than air or water is utilized to treat the wire, rod, or filament. |
| | |
| 600 | With work handling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 595. Process wherein the wire, rod, or filament is manipulated
for positioning or moving about at any stage of the process. |
| | |
| 602 | With working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Process which includes a metal deforming step in addition
to the coiling step. |
| | |
| 604 | Of stacked plural workpieces: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein plural workpieces are vertically stacked,
one above the other.
| | (1)
Note. Side-by-side or other arrangements for treating plural
workpieces are not provided in this subclass. |
| | (2)
Note. The presence of inserts or spacers between the plural
workpieces for facilitating the treatment is acceptable for this subclass. | |
| | |
| 606 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 605. Process wherein a vacuum or treating agent (e.g., heat exchange
agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent,
etc.) specified as an element, compound, or composition other than
air or water is utilized to treat the iron or iron alloy. |
| | |
| 607 | Ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 605. Process which includes operations designated as ageing,
solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation strengthening
or precipitation hardening.
| | (1)
Note. See the main lines for Class 148 to determine placement
herein, over the metal working classes, if metal working is present.
Specifically, the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating,
or precipitation strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient
for placement in Class 148, over the metal working classes. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 545, | 547, 548, or 622 for other Class 148 processes treating
iron alloys by ageing, solution treating, precipitation strengthening
or precipitation hardening. |
|
| | |
| 613 | Decarburizing: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 612. Process which includes a treatment that reduces the carbon
content present in the workpiece. |
| | |
| 615 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 612. Process wherein a vacuum or treating agent (e.g., heat exchange
agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, nitridizing agent,
etc.) is specified as an element, compound, or composition other
than air or water is utilized to treat the iron or iron alloy. |
| | |
| 621 | Highly alloyed (i.e., greater than 10 percent alloying
elements): |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein the iron based alloy contains greater than
a total of 10 percent alloying elements.
| | (1)
Note. Steels of the types referred to as high speed tool
alloys, maraging alloys, and iron-based super alloys are assumed to
be highly alloyed for this subclass lacking an indication to the
contrary. | |
| | |
| 622 | Ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process which includes operations designated as ageing,
solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation strengthening
or precipitation hardening.
| | (1)
Note. See the main Class 148 lines to determine placement
herein over the metal working classes if metal working is present.
Specifically, the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating,
or precipitation strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient
for placement in Class 148 over the metal working classes. |
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 545, | 547, 548, or 607 for other Class 148 processes or
treating iron alloys by aging, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening as a literal expression. |
|
| | |
| 625 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein a vacuum or a treating agent (e.g., heat
exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) specified as an element, compound, or composition other
than air or water, per se, to treat the iron or iron alloy. |
| | |
| 627 | With localized or zone heating or cooling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 625. Process wherein a heating or cooling operation is applied
to a discontinuous area of the metal workpiece to provide treatment
limited to one or several local areas or zones and not to other adjacent
areas. |
| | |
| 633 | Gaseous agent: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 625. Process which includes the use of a specified gaseous agent
other than air or water. |
| | |
| 634 | Hydrogen: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 633. Process wherein the gaseous treating agent contains molecular
hydrogen gas and excluding air.
| | (1)
Note. While water is excluded as a treating agent for this
subclass, the presence of molecular hydrogen, as may be found in
equilibrium in steam, is acceptable if the specification discloses
the use thereof for molecular hydrogen content. |
| | (2)
Note. Although there is molecular hydrogen present in air,
the mere use of air is not intended as proper for this subclass. | |
| | |
| 636 | Liquid agent: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 625. Process wherein the specified treating agent is a liquid
other than liquid air, per se, or water, per se. |
| | |
| 639 | Localized or zone heating or cooling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein a heating or cooling operation is applied
to a discontinuous area of the metal workpiece to provide treatment
limited to one or several local areas or zones and not to another
adjacent area. |
| | |
| 642 | Heating with flame treatment: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 639. Process which involves use of a flame to heat a metal workpiece.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 194+, | for a process of flame cutting or burning of a metal
workpiece. |
|
| | |
| 645 | With flattening, straightening or tensioning by external
force: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein the metal workpiece is subjected to a flattening,
straightening, or tensioning operation which utilizes an external
force.
| | (1)
Note. The tensioning applies external pulling force in diverse
directions to the metal workpiece without any actual bending or
plastic deformation of the workpiece during the tensioning step. | |
| | |
| 647 | Die quenching: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process wherein the workpiece is restrained in a die while
undergoing a rapid cooling (i.e., quenching) operation. |
| | |
| 649 | Forging: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Process which includes a metal deforming operation by heating
and hammering (i.e., forging). |
| | |
| 656 | Work handling: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 579. Process wherein a metal workpiece is manipulated for positioning
or moving about at any stage in the process. |
| | |
| 663 | Tempering: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 662. Process which includes a tempering heat treatment at any
stage whereby a crystal structure such as martensite is transformed
to carbides residing in austenite. |
| | |
| 668 | Refractory metal (i.e., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr),
hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), columbium (Cb), tantalum
(Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W)), or alloy base
thereof: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein the metal being treated is titanium (Ti),
zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), columbium
(Cb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W),
or an alloy thereof containing greater than 50 percent of one of
said metals. |
| | |
| 671 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 670. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms aging, solution treating, for precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 677 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), or
precipitation hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 676. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literal expression.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 678 | Noble metal (i.e., silver (Ag), gold (Au), osmium (Os),
iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd))
or alloy base thereof: |
| | Process under 559 wherein the metal being treated is silver(Ag),
gold(Au), osmium(Os), iridium(Ir), platinum(Pt), ruthenium(Ru),
rhodium(Rh), palladium(Pd), or an alloy base thereof containing
greater than 50 percent of any one of said metals. |
| | |
| 680 | With working above 400°C or nonspecified hot working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 679. Process wherein there is a metal deforming step that takes
place at a temperature above 400°C or there is nonspecified
hot working.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. | |
| | |
| 681 | Multiple working steps: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 680. Process which includes plural metal deforming steps and
wherein at least one of said metal deforming steps is performed
above 400°C or is a nonspecified hot working. |
| | |
| 682 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 681. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed expression.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 683 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 680. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed expression.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 684 | With working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 679. Process which includes a metal deforming step at from 400°C
down to 20°C or cold working at an unspecified temperature.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 577, | for processes treating solid or semi-solid metal
at temperatures below 20°C. |
|
| | |
| 685 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 684. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement herein
over the metal working classes if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 686 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 679. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms aging, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 687 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | Process under 679 wherein a vacuum or a treating agent (e.g.,
heat exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) specified as an element, compound, or composition other
than air or water is utilized to treat the copper or copper alloy.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206, | for carburizing or nitriding of metal using an externally
supplied source. |
| 240, | for processes of coating metal utilizing a reactive
agent that reacts with the metal substrate. |
|
| | |
| 690 | And ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 689. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 692 | Multiple working steps: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 691. Process which includes plural metal deforming steps and
wherein at least one of said metal deforming steps is performed
above 400°C or at an unspecified hot working temperature. |
| | |
| 693 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 692. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 694 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 691. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 695 | With working: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 688. Process which includes a metal deforming step at 400°C
down to 20°C.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 577, | for processes treating solid or semi-solid metal
at temperatures below 20°C. |
|
| | |
| 696 | Multiple working steps: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 695. Process which includes plural metal deforming steps and
wherein each of said metal deforming steps are performed at from
400°C down to 20°C.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 577, | for processes treating solid or semi-solid metal
at temperatures below 20°C. |
|
| | |
| 697 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 696. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 698 | With ageing, solution treating (i.e., for hardening), precipitation
hardening or strengthening: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 688. Process which includes a step of ageing, solution treating
(i.e., for hardening), or precipitation hardening or precipitation
strengthening as a literally expressed condition.
| | (1)
Note. See the main definition for this class (148), Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "A. Metal Casting,
Metal Fusion Bonding, etc.," to determine placement over
the metal working classes, if metal working is present. Specifically,
the presence of the terms ageing, solution treating, or precipitation
strengthening or precipitation hardening are sufficient for placement
in Class 148 over the metal working classes. | |
| | |
| 703 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 688. Process wherein a vacuum or a treating agent (e.g., heat
exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) specified as an element, compound, or composition other
than air or water is utilized to treat aluminum or aluminum alloy.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206, | for carburizing or nitriding of metal using an externally
supplied source. |
| 240, | for processes of coating metal utilizing a reactive
agent that reacts with the metal. |
|
| | |
| 708 | Treating with specified agent (e.g., heat exchange agent,
protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding agent, etc.)
or vacuum: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a vacuum or treating agent (e.g., specified
heat exchange agent, protective agent, decarburizing agent, denitriding
agent, etc.) is specified as an element, compound, or composition
other than air or water.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
| 206, | for carburizing or nitriding of metal using an externally
supplied source. |
| 240, | for processes of coating metal utilizing a reactive
agent that reacts with the metal. |
|
| | |
| 710 | Utilizing particulate form in fluid bed: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 708. Process wherein the specified agent is utilized in particulate
form in a fluid bed to treat the metal or metal alloy.
| | (1)
Note. Utilizing a particulate material for heat exchange
purposes is acceptable for this subclass, if a fluid bed is involved. | |
| | |
| 711 | In fused state: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 708. Process wherein the specified agent is utilized in a fused
or melted state to treat the metal or metal alloy. |
| | |
| 712 | In gaseous state: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 708. Process wherein the specified agent is utilized to treat
the metal or metal alloy is in the gaseous state during the treatment
operation. |
| | |
| 713 | In liquid state: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 708. Process wherein the specified agent is in the liquid state
during the treatment of the metal or metal alloy. |
| | |
| 714 | Localized or zone heating or cooling treatment: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process wherein a portion or several portions but less than
the total of a metal workpiece is subjected to a heating or cooling
treatment that limits the change in microstructure to localized areas
or zones as opposed to the entire workpiece. |
| | |
CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS
These Cross-Reference Art Collections pertain to subclasses
400+ stock.
| 900 | Ion implanted: |
| | Art collection pertaining to subclasses 400+ wherein
the metal is treated by being bombarded by high velocity ions to
drive them into the surface of the metal stock.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass is most closely related to subclasses
316+ since it is possible to use ion implantation rather
than thermal diffusion to increase the carbon or nitrogen content
of a metal surface. | |
| | |
| 901 | Surface depleted in an alloy component (e.g., decarburized): |
| | Art collection pertaining to subclasses 400+ wherein
the surface of the metallic stock has been intentionally depleted
in an alloy component, e.g., decarburized. |
| | |
| 902 | Having portions of different metallurgical properties or
characteristics: |
| | Art collection pertaining to subclasses 400+ wherein
different parts of the metal stock have different metallurgical
characteristics, usually as the result of differing Class 148 treatments.
| | (1)
Note. The stock material generally has the same composition
throughout as differentiated from stock for Class 428, Stock Material
or Miscellaneous Articles which has plural identifiable components,
usually of different composition. | |
| | |
| 905 | Cutting tool: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Art collection wherein the stock material is a cutting tool.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
| 30, | Cutlery,
subclass 350 for blades wherein the cutting edge is treated
in different manner than the rest of the blade. |
|
| | |
| 908 | Spring: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Art collection wherein the stock material is a spring, e.g.,
coil, leaf, etc. |
| | |
| 909 | Tube: |
| | This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Art collection wherein the stock material is tubular.
| | (1)
Note. This subclass is not limited to tubular conduits, e.g.,
steam pipe, but also includes hollow tubular articles, e.g., internal
combustion engine wrist pins, etc. | |
| | |
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CLASS 148,