Dr. Andrew Toole is the Chief Economist at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and a Research Associate at the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). Dr. Toole joined the USPTO with experience in the private sector, academia, and government. While completing his Ph.D. in economics at Michigan State University, Andrew Toole was a Senior Economist for Laurits R. Christensen Associates where he conducted studies on total factor productivity, cost and price analysis, and competitive strategy. In 1998, Dr. Toole went to Stanford University as a postdoctoral student before becoming a faculty member at Illinois State University and Rutgers University in New Jersey. As an academic researcher, Dr. Toole was asked to advise on science and technology policy issues for institutions such as the U.S. National Academies of Science, U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). In 2010, he joined the Science Policy Branch of USDA’s Economic Research Service. His research focuses on the economics of innovation, intellectual property, and related science and technology policies. Dr. Toole has published in the Journal of Law and Economics, the Review of Economics and Statistics, Research Policy, Management Science, and many other peer-reviewed journals.
Selected publications
USPTO pilot program reduced gender disparities in patenting (with C. deGrazia, N. Pairolero, P. Pappas, and M. Teodorescu), USPTO IP Economic Note, Issue 102, 2022. Available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oce-ip-econ-note-102.pdf
Closing the gender gap in patenting: Evidence from a randomized control trial at the USPTO (with C. deGrazia, N. Pairolero, P. Pappas, and M. Teodorescu), Academy of Management Proceedings, 2022. Available at https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.197
Intellectual property and the U.S. economy: Third edition (with R. Miller and N. Rada) IP Economic Report, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), 2022. Available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/uspto-ip-us-economy-third-edition.pdf
Patents and the independent inventor lifecycle (with C. deGrazia, N. Pairolero, P. Pappas, and M. Teodorescu), Academy of Management Proceedings, 2022. Available at https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=T4s0DdoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=T4s0DdoAAAAJ:MXK_kJrjxJIC
Using Intellectual Property Data to Measure Cross-border Knowledge Flows (with J. Dubbert, A. Giczy and N. Pairolero), Trade in Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Trade and Development in a Transformed Global Economy, 2022. Available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/trade-in-knowledge/310203EBBFE94182502B01F77D7800B1
Identifying Artificial Intelligence (AI) Invention: A Novel AI Patent Dataset (with A. Giczy and N. Pairolero,), The Journal of Technology Transfer, 47(2), 2021. Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10961-021-09900-2
Inventing AI: Tracing the Diffusion of Artificial Intelligence with US Patents (with A. Giczy, J. Forman, N. Pairolero, C. Pulliam, M. Such, K. Chaki, D. Orange, A. Thomas Homescu, J. Frumkin, YY. Chen, V. Gonzales, C. Hannon, S. Melnick, E. Nilsson, and B. Rifkin), USPTO IP Data Highlights, No. 5, 2020. Available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/OCE-DH-AI.pdf
Progress and Potential: 2020 update on U.S. women inventor-patentees (with C. deGrazia, K. Black, F. Lissoni, E. Miguelez, M. Saksena and G. Tarasconi), USPTO IP Data Highlights, No. 4, 2020. Available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/OCE-DH-Progress-Potential-2020.pdf
The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping (with J. Forman, and A. Giczy), Santa Clara High Tech. LJ, 36, p.433., 2020. Available at https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol36/iss4/3/
The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations (with D. Crass and D. Czarnitzki), International Journal of the Economics of Business, Volume 26, no 1, March 2019. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13571516.2019.1553292
The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping (with J. Forman, and A. Giczy), Santa Clara High Tech. LJ, 36, p.433., 2020. Available at https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol36/iss4/3/
The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations (with D. Crass and D. Czarnitzki), International Journal of the Economics of Business, Volume 26, no 1, March 2019. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13571516.2019.1553292
Knowledge Creates Markets: The influence of entrepreneurial support and patent rights on academic entrepreneurship (with D. Czarnitzki, T. Doherr, K. Hussinger, and P. Schliessler), European Economic Review, Volume 86 131-146, July 2016. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292116300812
The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations (with D. Crass and D. Czarnitzki), Discussion Paper No. 16-004, Mannheim Germany: Centre for European Economic Research, 2016. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2848507
Individual versus Institutional Ownership of University-discovered Inventions (with D. Czarnitzki, T. Doherr, K. Hussinger, and P. Schliessler), Discussion Paper No. 15-007, Mannheim Germany: Centre for European Economic Research, 2015. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2995672
University Research Alliances, Absorptive Capacity, and the Contribution of Startups to Employment Growth (with D. Czarnitzki and C. Rammer), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 24(5) 532-549, 2015. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10438599.2014.988519
Delay and Secrecy: Does Industry Sponsorship Jeopardize Disclosure of Academic Research? (with D. Czarnitzki and C. Grimpe), Industrial and Corporate Change, 24 251-279, 2015. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/24/1/251/831180/Delay-and-secrecy-does-industry-sponsorship
University Spinoffs and the “Performance Premium” (with D. Czarnitzki and C. Rammer), Small Business Economics, 43(2) 309-332, 2014. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-013-9538-0/fulltext.html
The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry, Research Policy, 41(1), 1-12, 2012. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873331100117X
Patent protection, market uncertainty, and R&D investment (with D. Czarnitzki), Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 147-159. 2011. Available at: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00069
Commercializing Science: Is there a University “Brain Drain” from Academic Entrepreneurship? (with D. Czarnitzki), Management Science 56(9), 1599-1614, 2010. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1192
Exploring the relationship between scientist human capital and firm performance: The case of biomedical academic entrepreneurs in the SBIR program (with D. Czarnitzki), Management Science, 55(1), 101-114, 2009. Available at: http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1080.0913
How does initial public financing influence private incentives for follow-on investment in early-stage technologies? (with C. Turvey), Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(1), 43-58, 2009. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10961-007-9074-7
Biomedical academic entrepreneurship through the SBIR program (with D. Czarnitzki), Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 63 (4), 716-738, 2007. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268107000121
Does public scientific research complement private investment in research and development in the pharmaceutical industry? Journal of Law & Economics, 50 (1), 81-104, 2007. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/508314
Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D? A review of the econometric evidence (with D. Hall and P. David), Research Policy, 29 (4-5), 497-529, 2000. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733399000876