Journal articles and conference proceedings

The Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) publishes research findings from its team of economists and their collaborators in peer-reviewed economic journals and in law journals.

The artificial intelligence patent dataset (AIPD) 2023 update

Nicholas A. Pairolero, Alexander V. Giczy, Gerard Torres, Tisa Islam Erana, Mark A. Finlayson, and Andrew A. Toole
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The 2023 update to the Artificial Intelligence Patent Dataset (AIPD) extends the original AIPD to all United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent documents (i.e., patents and pre-grant publications, or PGPubs) published through 2023, while incorporating an improved patent landscaping methodology to identify artificial intelligence (AI) within patents and PGPubs. This new approach substitutes BERT for Patents for the Word2Vec embeddings used previously, and uses active learning to incorporate additional training data closer to the “decision boundary” between AI and not-AI to help improve predictions. We show that this new approach achieves substantially better performance than the original methodology on a set of patent documents where the two methods disagreed—on this set, the AIPD 2023 achieved precision of 68.18% and recall of 78.95%, while the original AIPD achieved 50% and 21.05%, respectively. To help researchers, practitioners, and policymakers better understand the determinants and impacts of AI invention, we have made the AIPD 2023 publicly available on the USPTO’s economic research web page.

Competitive dynamism in nascent markets: trademarks and superstar firm entry in the metaverse

Wendy A. Bradley and Julian Kolev
Industry and Innovation, 1-41, November 2024
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Procrastination or incomplete data? An analysis of USPTO examiner search activity

Charles A.W. de Grazia, Alexander V. Giczy, and Nicholas A. Pairolero
Research Policy, Volume 53, Issue 7, September 2024
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Patent eligibility after Alice: Evidence from USPTO patent examination

Jesse Frumkin, Nicholas A. Pairolero, Asrat Tesfayesus, and Andrew A. Toole
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 122.
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Discovering value: women’s participation in university and commercial AI invention

Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Andrew A. Toole
Nature Biotechnology, Volume 42, January 2024, pg. 26-29
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Listen to AUTM on the Air podcast ("Behind the Numbers: Insights from U.S. Patenting on Diagnosing COVID-19")

More can be done to diversify the AI innovation ecosystem, especially in the emerging field of biotechnology AI, where women’s participation is associated with substantial value. 


How does digital piracy affect innovation? Evidence from software firms

Wendy A. Bradley and Julian Kolev
Research Policy, Volume 52, Issue 3, April 2023
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Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO

Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew A. Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles A.W. deGrazia, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings , vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Challenges facing independent inventors: Do patents help?

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Andrew A. Toole, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings, vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Identifying artificial intelligence (AI) invention: A novel AI patent dataset

Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Andrew Toole
The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2021
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Examination incentives, learning, and patent office outcomes: The use of examiner’s amendments at the USPTO

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Research Policy, vol 50, issue 10, December 2021
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The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping

Andrew A. Toole, Nicholas A. Pairolero, James Q. Forman, and Alexander V. Giczy
Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal, vol 36, no 4, May 2020
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Innovation activities and business cycles: are trademarks a leading indicator?

Charles A. W. deGrazia, Amanda Myers, and Andrew A. Toole
Industry and Innovation, vol 27, issue 1-2, 2020
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